■Lesson1
■replaceableBeginning in the late seventeenth century with the work of Robert Bayle, who proposed the presently acceptable concept of an element, numerous investigations produced a considerable knowledge of the properties of elements and their compounds.
早在17世纪末期，RB就开始了这项工作，他提出了现在公认的元素概念，大量的研究使我们对元素及其化合物的性质有了相当的了解。
■Thus it is possible to arrange the list of elements in tabular form with elements having simliliar properties placed in vertical columes.
于是，将具有类似性质的元素排成纵列，从而把元素排成表格形式是可能的。
■However, as is characteristic of most transtion elements, they form ions having other charges as well.
然而，像许多过度元素所具有的特点一样，它们也形成了具有其它电荷的离子。
■They from such a wide varity of compounds that it is not practical at this point to present any examples as being typical of the behavior of the respective groups.
它们形成了各种不同的化合物，在这一点上我们甚至不能举出任何能表现各族元素典型变化的例子。
■Lesson6
■It would be impossible to learn properties and behavior of even a fraction of the number if  it had to be done on the basis of individual compounds.
如果根据个别化合物来了解这么多化合物的性质和行为，即使其中的一小部分也是不可能的。
■For example, HCl is classed as an acid, and by becoming familiar with the behavior of acid as a distinct class, we are at once aware of the general properties of the compound.
例如，盐酸归类为酸，由于已熟悉作为不同类别的酸的性质，我们就会立即知道这一化合物的一般性质。
Of these five classes of compounds, the first three —— acids, bases, and salts —— are by far the most important.
在这五种化合物类型中，酸、碱、盐是目前最重要的三种。
Acid, in the conventional sense, maybe recognized by noting that the H is written first in the formula and that the rest of the compound is generally nonmetallic.
酸。通常来说，氢离子写在化学式的前面，剩下的部分通常是非金属物质的化合物称为酸。
A salt consists of a metal, written first, combined with a non-metal or radical written last in a formula.
盐。盐通常由一个金属和一个非金属离子组成。金属一般写在前面，非金属离子写在后面。
The hydronium ion is a hydrated hydrogen ion or proton (H++H2O) and, while the ionizati
on of acids in aqueous solution  depends on its formation, we shall ordinarily use the simple H+ in writing equations.
水合氢离子是水合的氢离子或质子，酸在水溶液中的解离由自身结构决定，我们在写方程式时可以简单地写成H+。
Just as the characteristic part of an acid is hydrogen ion, so the characteristic part of a base in water solution is the hydroxide ion, OH-.
正如酸中的特征部分是H离子，健在水溶液中的特征部分是OH-。
■Lesson7
One of the principle changes is that proposed by Albert Stock and now known as the stock system for the naming of compounds of metals (oxides, hydroxides, and salts) in which the metal may exhibit more than one oxidation state.
主要的变化之一是由AS提出，现在称之为Stock体系，Stock体系用于命名金属化合物（氧化物，氢氧化物和盐）在这些化合物中金属可能显示不止一种氧化态。
■In these cases the oxidation state of the metal is shown by a Roman numeral in parentheses immediately following the English name of the metal which corresponds to its oxidation number.
在这种情况下，金属化合物氧化态是紧接着金属的英语名称之后在圆括号中用罗马数字表示，该数字与金属的氧化态一致。
■The student should have a good start in learning nomenclature if he has learned the valence table 3 which gives both charges on ions and names for the more common ones.
一个学生如果掌握了给出离子电荷和较常见离子名称的价键表3，他在掌握命名方面就必定有了一个好的开端。
■The older system of naming and one still widely used employs Greek prefixes for both the number of oxygen atoms and that of the other element in the compound.
仍被广泛使用的老的命名体系使用希腊前缀表示氧原子数量和化合物中其它原子的数量。
There are a few cases where name of the acid is changed slightly from that of the acid radical; for example, H2SO4 is sulfuric acid rather than sulfic.
在这些案例中，酸的名称与其酸根离子基团相比有略微改变。例如硫酸命名为sulfuric acid而不是 sulfic。
The compound NaHSO4 has acid properties, since it contains hydrogen, and is also a salt, since it contains both a metal and an acid radical.
NaHSO4因为含有H，所以有酸性，同时因为含有金属和酸根，所以也是盐。
The third compound, sodium phosphate Na3PO4, which contains no replaceable hydrogen, is often referred to as normal sodium phosphate, or trisodium phosphate to differentiate it from the two acid salts.
第三种化合物，Na3PO4,没有可置换H，通常指正的Na3PO4或Na3PO4来与两种酸式盐区分.
■Lesson10
The word paraffin, from the Latin parum affinis (slight affinity) refers to the inert chemical nature of the substances and is applied also to the wax obtainable from petroleum and consisting of a mixture of higher alkanes.
石蜡，源于拉丁文，指的是物质的不活泼的性质，同时也用于来源于石油的蜡，由一些高级烷烃构成。
Saturated branched acyclic hydrocarbon is named by prefixing the designations of the side chains to the name of the longest chain which is numbered from one end to the other by Arabic numerals, the direction being so chosen as to give the lowest numbers possible to the side chains.

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