Three
ⅠMark the choice that best completes the statement.
1.Today, the grammar taught to learners of a language is basically __________.
A. descriptive
B. prescriptive
C. both A and B
D. neither of the two
2. The clear /l/ and the dark /f/ are __________.
A. in complementary distribution
B. in free variation
C. both A and B
D. neither of the two
3. –ed in the word played is __________.
A. a free morpheme
B. a root
C. a derivational affix
D. an inflectional morpheme
4. The __________ function of language is primarily to change the social of persons.
A. interpersonal
B. informative
C. textual
D. performative
5. Whorf believes that speakers of different languages perceive and experience the world
differently and that is the notion of __________.
A. linguistic determinism
B. language determinism
C. social relativism
D. linguistic relativism
6. What essentially distinguishes semantics from pragmatics is __________.
A. whether in the study of meaning the context of use is considered
B. whether it studies the meaning or not
C. whether is studies how the speakers use language to effect communication
D. whether it is a branch of linguistics
replaceable
7. Of all the following examples, __________ is NOT an example of the affix addition.
A. the addition of –able to a verb, such as in readable
B. the addition of –ment to a verb, such as in accomplishment
C. the attachment of –ize to a noun or adjective, such as in stabilize
D. the addition of a or an before a noun, such as in an apple
8. In English, inflectional affixes are mostly __________.
A. prefixes
B. suffixes
C. infixes
D. stems
9. That the use of language involves a network of systems of choices is the opinion of
__________.
A. Halliday
B. Saussure
C. Chomsky
D. Firth
10. Of the following __________ does NOT belong to the three sub-types of antonymy.
A. gradable antonymy
B. converse antonymy
C. complementary antonymy
D. complete antonymy
11. __________ is NOT included in Firth’s famous Context of Situation theory.
A. The non-verbal action of the participants
B. The properties of the phonematic units
C. The relevant objects
D. The effects of the verbal action
12. The phrase backwash effect is often used in __________.
A. systemic functional grammar
B. error analysis
C. testing
D. sociolinguistics
13. We can often find the phrase immediate constituents in __________.
A. transformational generative grammar
B. systemic functional grammar
C. traditional grammar
D. structural grammar
14. The following ideas about language are wrong EXCEPT __________.
A. Language evolves within specific historical, social and cultural context
B. Language has a form-sound correspondence
C. Language is a means of communication
D. Language is not related to any of the individuals who use it
15. Because __________ can distinguish one phoneme from another, it is a distinctive feature for English obstruents.
A. voicing
B. nasalization
C. place
D. aspiration
II. Fill in each of the following blanks with an appropriate word. The first letter of the word is already given.
1. The ultimate objective of language is not just to create grammatically well-formed sentences, but to convey m .
2. V ibration of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds called “v“.
3. Those morphemes that can not be used by themselves, but must be combined with other morphemes to form words are called b morphemes.
4. The incorporated, or subordinate, clause is normally called an e clause.
5. The study of sounds is called p , and the study of sound patterns is called p .
6. Context is generally considered as constituted by the knowledge shared by the s and the hearer.
7. The most widely spread morphological changes in the historical development of English are the loss and addition of a .
8. A refers to a way of pronunciation which tells the listener something about the speaker’s regional or social background.
9. Inflection is the manifestation of grammatical relationships through the addition of inflectional affixes, such as n , p , and f .
10. One-word utterances sometimes show an overextension or under extension of r .
11. In Katz and Postal’s proposal stated in “An Integrated Theory of Linguistic Description”,
the p provides the grammatical classification and semantic information of words.
12. Nasalization rule read, a non-nasalized sound is transformed into a n sound when it appears before a nasalized sound.
13. The process of insertion of a nasal sound to the article “a” when it appears before a wo rd “orange” is known as c.
14. The p relation, Saussure originally called Associative, is a relation holding between
elements replaceable with each other at a particular place in s structure, or between one element present and the others absent.
15. In Chomsky’s linguistic model, the m component is responsible for the correct spelling and pronunciation of the words in the surface structure.
Ⅲ. Mark the following statements with “T”if they are true or “F”if they are false. Provide explanations for false statements.
1.Language is not an isolated phenomenon; it is a social activity carried out in a certain social
environment by human being.
2.Speech is made up of continuous bursts of sounds.
3.Acoustic phonetic is the study of the production of speech sound.
4.The primary function of the vocal organs is to fulfill the biological needs of breathing and
eating.
5.The lungs are involved in the production of speech.
6.Even if we think of a sentence as what people actually utter in the course of communication, it
is still a sentence.
7.Many words that were popular among Middle English speakers have lost their Modern users.
For example, Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet contain such words as beseem, wot and gyve.
8.A lingua franca has to be a native language currently spoken by a particular people.
9.To tell whether a sound is a consonant or not, we should judge is its manners of articulation.
10.Semi-vowel and semi-consonant actually refer to the same kind sound.
11.Two words, or two expressions, which have the same semantic components, will be
synonymous to each other.
12.Meaning is extracted from text or speech by relating hat is presented to information stored in
short-term memory.
13.In English some books is a case of number concord.
14.Synchronic linguistics refers to the approach which studies language over various periods of
time and at various historical stages.
15.A single phoneme always represents a single morpheme.
Ⅳ. Match each term in Column A with one relevant item in Column B.
Ⅴ. Explain the following concepts or theories.
1.Prescriptive ad descriptive
2.Diacritics
3.Bound root
4.Grammatical relations
5.Selectional restrictions
6.Speech act theory
7.Gradable antonymy
8.Standard language
9.Esperanto
10.Equivalence
Ⅵ. Fill in each of the following blanks with the original forms of abbreviation itemsin linguistics, and then put in the corresponding square brackets thespecific linguistic field in which the abbreviation forms are used.
1.IC __________________________________ ( )
2.IPA_________________________________ ( )
3.CD _________________________________ ( )
4.RP __________________________________ ( )
5.UG _________________________________ ( )
Ⅶ. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible, giving examples if necessary.
1. Describe the major ways of word formation with some example.
2. What do you know about the minimum free form?
3. What does syntax study? Give a brief account of the major approaches in the development of synt
ax.
4. Why do we say that the analysis of a sentence in terms of them and rheme is functional?
5. It has been observed that women tend to approximate more closely to the standard language than man do. Why do you think this is so?
6. Briefly explain what phonetics and phonology are concerned with and what kind of relationships hold between the two.

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