1，alliteration 2，kenning 3，caesura 4,romance 5,chivalery 6,quatrain 7,meter:rhyme 8,heroic couplet 9iambic pentameter 10,bob and wheel 11,realism 12,idealism 13,renaissiance 14,blank verse 15,sonnet 16,comedy 17,tragedy 18,humanism 19,cavalier poets 20,metaphysical poets 21,metaphysical conceit
1. Epic (史诗)（appeared in the Anglo-Saxon Period ）
Epic is an extended narrative poem in elevated or dignified language, like Homer’s Iliad & Odyssey. It usually celebrates the feats of one or more legendary or traditional heroes. The action is simple, but full of magnificence.
Today, some long narrative works, like novels that reveal an age & its people are also called epic.
E.g. Beowulf （ the pagan（异教徒），secular(非宗教的) poetry） Iliad 《伊利亚特》，Odyssey《奥德赛》 Paradise Lost 《失乐园》.
1.Romance （传奇）(Anglo-Norman feudal England)
•Romance is any imaginative literature that is set in an idealized world and that deals with heroic adventures and battles between good characters and villains or monsters.
•Originally, the term referred to a medieval (中世纪) tale dealing with the love and adventures of kings, queens, knights, and ladies, and including supernatural happenings.
Form: long composition, in verse, in prose
Content: description of life and adventures of a noble hero
Character: a knight, a man of noble birth, skilled in the use of weapons; often described as riding forth to seek adventures, taking part in tournaments(骑士比武), or fighting for his lord in battles; devoted to the church and the king
•Romance lacks general resemblance to truth or reality.
•It exaggerates the vices of human nature and idealizes the virtues.
•It contains perilous (dangerous) adventures more or less remote from ordinary life.
comparisons•It lays emphasis on supreme devotion to a fair lady.
3. Alliteration（押头韵）: a repeated initial(开头的) consonant(协调,一致) to successive(连续的) words.
4. Heroic couplet （英雄双韵体）（introduced by Geoffrey Chaucer）
Definition: the rhymed couplet of iambic pentameter; a verse form in epic poetry, with lines of ten syllables and five stresses, in rhyming pairs.
英雄诗体/英雄双韵体：用于史诗或叙事诗，每行十个音节，五个音部，每两行押韵。
5. couplet（两行诗，对句）: Two consecutive lines of poetry that rhyme. A heroic couplet is an iambic pentameter couplet. During the Restoration period and the 18th C. it was a popular verse form.
6. iambic pentameter(抑扬格五音步): A poetic line consisting of five Verse feet (pentam
eter - is from a Greek word meaning “five”), with each foot an iamb-- that is, an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable.
7. Rhyme（韵，押韵）: the repetition (反复) of sounds in two or more words or phrases that appear close to each other in a poem. E .g. River/shiver, song/long
8. meter (格律) （属于Prosody （韵文学;诗体学；(某语言的)韵律(学)））: A generally regular pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables（音节） in poetry.
9. Rhythm（节奏，韵律）（属于Prosody （韵文学;诗体学；(某语言的)韵律(学)））： refers to the regular recurrence（反复，重现） of the accent（重读） or stress in poem or song.
E.g. the rhythm of day and night, the seasonal rhythm of the year, the beat of our hearts, and the rise and fall of sea tides, etc.
10．Humanism
1) Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance. According to humanists, human beings were glorious creatures capable of individual development in the direction of perfection and the world can be questioned, explored and enjoyed.
2) By emphasizing the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life, in contrast to the medieval emphasis on God and contempt for the things of this world, they voiced their beliefs that man did not only have the right to pursue happiness of this life, but had the ability to perfect himself and to perform wanders.
11. Tragedy（Drama form）
•A serious play or novel representing the disastrous downfall of a central character, the protagonist. According to Aristotle, the purpose is to achieve a catharsis through incidents arousing pity and terror. The tragic effect usually depends on our awareness of admirable qualities in he protagonist, which are wasted terribly in the fated disaster.
•E.g. （莎士比亚）Great Tragedies（四大悲剧）（explores the faults/weaknesses of humans）: Hamlet, Othello, King Lear& Macbeth
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