1A. King Hui of Liang (part one)
孟子見梁惠王。王曰,「叟,不遠千里而來,亦將有以利吾國乎?」孟子對曰,「王何必曰利?亦有仁義而已矣。」「王曰:『何以利吾國?』大夫曰:『何以利吾家?』士庶人曰:『何以利吾身?』上下交征利,而國危矣!萬乘之國弑其君者,必千乘之家;千乘之國,弑其君者,必百乘之家。萬取千焉,千取百焉,不爲不多矣;苟爲後義而先利,不奪不饜。」「未有仁而遺其親者也,未有義而後其君者也。」「王亦曰仁義而已矣,何必曰利?」[1A:1] Mencius went to see King Hui of Liang. The King said: "My good man, since you haven't thought one thousand li too far to come and see me, may I presume that you have something with which I can profit my kingdom?"
Mencius said: "Why must you speak of profit? What I have for you is Humaneness and Rightness, and that's all. If you always say 'how can I profit my kingdom?' your top officers will ask, 'how can we profit our clans?' The elites (shi)1 and the common people will ask: 'How can we profit ourselves?' Superiors and inferiors will struggle against each other for profit, and the country will be in chaos."
hungry
"In a kingdom of ten thousand chariots, the murderer of the sovereign is usually from a clan of one thousand chariots. In a thousand-chariot kingdom, the murderer of the sovereign is usually from a clan of one hundred chariots. Now, to have a thousand in ten thousand, or one hundred in a thousand is not really all that much. But if you put due-giving last and profit first, no one will be satisfied unless they can grab something."
"There has never been a humane man who neglected his parents, and there has never been a just man who put his prince last in his priorities. King, can't we limit our conversation to humaneness and due-giving? Why must we discuss profit?"
梁惠王曰:「寡人之於國也,盡心焉耳矣!河內凶,則移其民於河東,移其粟於河內;河東凶亦然。察鄰國之政,無如寡人之用心者;鄰國之民不加少,寡人之民不加多:何也?」孟子對曰:「王好戰,請以戰喩。填然鼓之,兵刃旣接,棄甲曳兵而走,或百歩而後止,或五十歩而後止;以五十歩笑百歩,則何如?」
曰:「不可。直不百歩耳,是亦走也!」曰:「王如知此,則無望民之多於鄰國也。」「不違農時,穀不可勝食也;數罟不入洿池,魚鼈不可勝食也;斧斤以時入山林,材木不可勝用也;穀與魚鼈不
可勝食,材木不可勝用,是使民養生喪死無憾也;養生喪死無憾,王道之始也。」
「五畝之宅,樹之以桑,五十者可以衣帛矣;雞豚狗彘之畜,無失其時,七十者可以食肉矣;百畝之田,勿奪於時,數口之家可以無饑矣;謹庠序之教,申之以孝悌之義,頒白者不負戴於道路矣;七十者衣帛食肉,黎民不饑不寒;然而不王者,未之有也!」「狗彘食人食而不知檢,塗有餓莩而不知發;人死,則曰:『非我也,歳也。』是何異於刺人而殺之,曰:『非我也,兵也!』王無罪歳,斯天下之民至焉。」
[1A:3] King Hui of Liang said: "I exert my whole consciousness towards my people. When there is disaster in He-nei, I move the people to He-dong and bring grain to He-nei. When there is disaster in He-dong, I do likewise.2 Now, if you look at the government in neighboring kingdoms, there is no one who is as dedicated to his people as I. Yet why is it that the people don't move from other states and come to mine?"
Mencius replied: "Your majesty, you like war, don't you? Let me make an example with war: The drummers have psyched the soldiers into the battlefield and the battle is engaged. Some soldiers throw off their heavy armor and flee, dragging their weapons. On
e fellow runs a hundred
paces and stops. Another runs fifty paces and stops. What would you think if the one who ran fifty paces laughs at the one who ran a hundred?"
The King said: "No way. Even though he didn't run a hundred paces, he still ran."
Mencius said: "If you realize this, then you shouldn't expect people to move to your kingdom. If you don't interfere with the timing of the farmers, there will be more grain than can be eaten. If fine-mesh nets are kept out of the ponds and lakes, there will be more fish and turtles than you can eat. If loggers are regulated in their woodcutting, there will be more wood than can be used. When there is more grain, more fish and turtles than can be eaten, and more wood than can be used, the people will nourish the living and mourn the dead without resentment. Nourishing the living and mourning the dead without resentment is the beginning of the road to true kingship."
"If mulberry trees are planted around homesteads of an acre, then people fifty years old c
an be clothed in silk. If, in the raising of fowl, pigs, dogs and swine, their breeding times are not missed, then people seventy years old can eat meat. If you do not upset the farming schedule in a farm of twenty acres, then a large clan will never be hungry. Pay careful attention to education, basing it on the Rightness of filial piety and respect for elders, and the gray-haired people will not be in the streets carrying heavy burdens on their backs. There has never been a case where the people of seventy were eating meat and the black-haired people were free from cold and hunger, where the king was not well regarded."
"But [in your kingdom], dogs and swine eat men's food, and you don't control it. People are dying of starvation in the streets and it doesn't occur to you to distribute grain from the storehouses. People die, and you say: 'It's not my fault; it was a bad harvest.' How is this different from stabbing a man to death and saying, 'It wasn't me, it was the knife.' If you would stop placing the blame on bad harvests, all of the people in the country would come to you."

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