高中英语词语辨析(十)
by oneself,for oneself,in oneself,of oneself
这四个词组的意义有所不同。 
By oneself的意思是“单独地”、“靠自己地”( alone or independently)。例:
His father lives by himself in the village.
他的父亲独自一个人住在村里。
All his friends have deserted him and he is all by himself now.
understandable
他所有的朋友都离弃他,现在他孤独一人。
For oneself的意义为“为自己”(for himself or for herself)。例:
One should not live only for oneself. 
人不应单为自己而活。
In oneself的意思是“就其本身或本性而言”。例:
This wood is hard in itself.
这种木头本要就是硬的。
Of oneself的意思是“自然地”、“自发地”、“自动地”(of one's own accord)。例:
Every day I awake of myself at half past five.
每天早上我都是五点半就自己醒来。
The door opened of itself.
门是自己开的。
The fire went out of itself.
火自己熄灭了。
与上列四个短语相类似的还有两个词组,即beside oneself和 to oneself,前者义:“失常”、“发狂”;后者是“独自占有或享用”。例:
He was beside himself with joy.
他欣喜若狂。 
When one dines in a restaurant,one likes a table to oneself.
人们在饭店吃饭时,总是喜欢独占一桌。
Oneself和 one's self的区别也是值得我们注意的。Oneself是反身强调代词,意指自己;one's self则是代词加名词,意指个人的本性。它们的区别如同myself和my self;yourself和your self ;himself和his self;ourselves 和our selves ;themselves和their selves一样。例:
She made a cup of tea for herself.
她为自己烧了一杯茶。
She looked just like her old self.
她看上去和从前依然一模一样。
请注意,myself可以在句中表示me的涵义,这是其他反身代词所没有的特性。例:
They invited my father and myself(=me)to their party.
他们邀请我父亲和我参加他们的聚会。
He saw neither myself nor Mary in the street.
在马路上他既没有看见我,也没有看见玛丽。
by turns与in turn
如同 by name和 in name 参阅该节)一样,这一对短语也不是同义语。 by turns的意思是“轮流地”、“交替地”、“忽而…忽而…”( one after another; alternately or in rotation);in turn的意思是“依次相继地”(each in due succession)。例:
We read the poem by turns. 
我们轮流读这首诗。
They sang songs by turns
他们轮流唱歌。
He grew pale and red by turns.
他的脸一会儿红一会儿白。
We sang the song in turn.
我们依照次序唱歌。
We were summoned in turn to see the judge.
法宫依次召见我们。
跟by turns同义是 take turns,但二者语法不同。前者是副词片语,作状语用,后者为动词片语。例:
The classes visited the exhibition by turns.
The classes took turns to visit the exhibition.
各班学生轮流参观展览。 
请注意,on the turn的意思则是“正在变化(转变)中”。例如:
The bullish stock market is on the turn
股票牛市开始变了。
China与china
这两个词都是名词,读音相同,但意义有别。
China(首字母大写)是“中国”,指 the People's Republic of China;china(首字母小写)
是“瓷器”,尤指优质瓷器。例:
This car is made in China.
这辆汽车是中国制造的。
She laid out a small tray with the best china on the table.
她把盛着上等瓷具的小托盆放在桌上。
与之类似区别的词有:
Turkey 土耳其
turkey 火鸡
Japan日本
japan 漆;(日本式)漆器
Guinea 几内亚 
guinea 几尼(旧英车金币名,全21先令)
有趣的是,类似区别的现象不但出现于单词中,也见诸于短语里。如: in the Doldrums和 in the doldrums。前者的意思是“在Doldrums海域里”。Doldrums位于非洲海岸大西洋内,是个热带无风带。该海域的特点为,当大西洋其他地区刮大风时,海浪滔天,而the Doldrums 海面依旧平静如常,后来人们由此而引伸出另一个意义,当他们感到“意志消沉”、“毫无生气”或“闷闷不乐”时,就用 to be in the doldrums这个短语来表示。现在请对比 in the Doldrums和 in the doldrums在下列句中的不同涵义:
Our ocean liner is now sailing in the Doldrums.
我们的轮船现在正在Doldrums海域航行。
Recently,trade appeared to be in the doldrums.
近来商业一片萧条。
You look as though you were in the doldrums.Cheer up!
看来你的意志颇消沉,振作点吧!
clean与clear
这两个词都可用作形容词、动词或副词,意义相近,故易混淆。
Clean的本义是“清洁干净”,强调没有尘污,其反义词是dirty;clear的本义是“不模糊”、“不难解”,即:“清晰”、“明白”故前者的同义词是neat和tidy;后者的同义词是obvious和apparent。例: 
Everything is spotlessly clean in their room.
他们的房间里样样东西都是一尘不染。
It is essential that we keep the city clean and green.
重要的是我们应保持城市整洁和绿化。
Her pronunciation is clear and her words are understandable.
她的发音清晰,话也易懂。
Do I make myself clear on this point?
关于这一点我说清楚了吗?
Clean作动词用时义为“清洁/使清洁”;clear作动词时,义为“清除”或“转晴”,作副词时,义:“清楚地”、“完全地”。例:
The rubbish must be cleared away.
一定要把这些垃圾清除掉。
It will clear up in no time.
天气即将放晴。
A bullet went clear through the stone wall.
有一颗子弹完全穿过了石墙。 
如所周知,clear的另一副词是clearly,但在下列语句中,应用副词clear,而不用clearly:

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