功能派翻译理论介绍（其中中文内容来源于百度百科）
20世纪70年代，功能派翻译理论兴起于德国。其发展经过了以下几个阶段。
第一阶段:凯瑟琳娜·莱斯首次把功能范畴引入翻译批评，将语言功能，语篇类型和翻译策略相联系，发展了以源文与译文功能关系为基础的翻译批评模式，从而提出了功能派理论思想的雏形。莱斯认为理想的翻译应该是综合性交际翻译，即在概念性内容，语言形式和交际功能方面都与原文对等，但在实践中应该优先考虑的是译本的功能特征。
第二阶段:汉斯·弗米尔(Vermeer)提出了目的论，将翻译研究从原文中心论的束缚中摆脱出来。该理论认为翻译是以原文为基础的有目的和有结果的行为，这一行为必须经过协商来完成，翻译必须遵循一系列法则，其中目的法则居于首位。也就是说,译文取决于翻译的目的。此外,翻译还须遵循“语内连贯法则”和“语际连贯法则”。前者指译文必须内部连贯，在译文接受者看来是可理解的,后者指译文与原文之间也应该有连贯性。这三条原则提出后,评判翻译的标准不再是“对等”，而是译本实现预期目标的充分性。弗米尔还提出了翻译委任的概念，即应该由译者来决定是否，何时，怎样完成翻译任务。也就是说，译者应该根据不同的翻译目的采用相应的翻译策略，而且有权根据翻译目的决定原文的哪些内容可以保留，哪些需要
调整或修改。
弗米尔认为，翻译中的最高法则应该是“目的法则”。也就是说，翻译的目的不同，翻译时所采取的策略、方法也不同。换言之，翻译的目的决定了翻译的策略和方法。
第三阶段:贾斯塔·霍茨—曼塔里借鉴交际和行为理论，提出翻译行为理论,进一步发展了功能派翻译理论。该理论将翻译视作受目的驱使的,以翻译结果为导向的人与人之间的相互作用。该理论和目的论有颇多共同之处,弗米尔后来也将二者融合。
第四阶段:克里斯汀娜·诺德全面总结和完善功能派理论。克里斯汀娜·诺德首次用英语系统阐述了翻译中的文本分析所需考虑的内外因素，以及如何在原文功能的基础上制定切合翻译目的的翻译策略。克里斯汀娜·诺德对功能派各学说进行了梳理，并且提出译者应该遵循“功能加忠诚”的指导原则,从而完善了该理论。
目的论认为，所有翻译活动遵循的首要原则是“目的原则”，即翻译应能在译入语情境和文化中，按译入语接受者期待的方式发生作用。翻译行为所要达到的目的决定整个翻译行为的过程，即结果决定方法。但翻译活动可以有多个目的，这些目的进一步划分为三类：(1)译
者的基本目的(如谋生)；(2)译文的交际目的(如启迪读者)；(3)使用某种特殊的翻译手段所要达到的目的(如为了说明某种语言中的语法结构的特殊之处采用按其结构直译的方式)。但是，通常情况下，“目的”指的是译文的交际目的，即“译文在译入语社会文化语境中对译入语读者产生的交际功能”。(Venuti：2001)因此，译者应在给定的翻译语境中明确其特定目的，并根据这一目的来决定采用何种翻译方法 — 直译、意译或介于两者之间。
连贯性(coherence rule)指译文必须符合语内连贯(intra—textual coherence)的标准，即译文具有可读性和可接受性，能够使接受者理解并在译入语文化及使用译文的交际语境中有意义。
忠实性原则(fidelity rule)指原文与译文之间应该存在语际连贯一致(inter—textual coherence)。这相当于其他翻译理论所谓的忠实于原文，但与原文忠实的程度和形式取决于译文的目的和译者对原文的理解。
总之，这三大原则构成了翻译目的论的基本原则，但是连贯性原则、忠实性原则必须服从于目的原则，这是目的论的首要原则。
In the 1970s, Skopos Theory emerged in Germany. Its development has gone through the following four stages.
Firstly, Katharina Reiss introduced the functional element into translation criticism for the first time, linked the language function, text type and translation strategy together, and developed a translation criticism model based on the relationship between the source text and the function of the translation, thus putting forward the basic framework of the functional theory. Reiss believes that the ideal translation should be a comprehensive communicative translation, that is, it is equivalent to the original text in terms of conceptual content, language form and communication function. But in practice, priority should be given to the functional characteristics of the translation. Reiss is currently considered to be the co-founder of Skopos Theory, along with Hans Vermeer.
Secondly, Vermeer put forward Skopos Theory and got rid of translation research from the theory shackles of seeing the original text as the core. The theory holds that translation is a purposeful and fruitful behavior based on the original text, which must be c
ompleted through negotiation, and the translation must follow a series of principles, of which the skopos principle is in the first place. That is to say, translation depends on the purpose. In addition, translation must follow the principle of coherence in inner-lingual and inter-lingual aspects. The former means that the target language must be internally coherent, which is understandable to the readers of the target language; and the latter means that there should also be consistency between the target text and the original text. After these three principles are put forward, the criterion for criticizing translation is no longer "being equivalent", but the degree of the translation to achieve the expected goal. Vermeer also put forward the concept of “commission”, that is, it is up to the translator to decide whether, when and how to complete the translation task. That is to say, the translator should adopt the corresponding translation strategy according to different translation purposes, and has the right to decide which content of the original text can be remained and what needs to be adjusted or modified.
Vermeer believes that the highest principle in translation should be the “skopos principle”. That is to say, different purposes of translation decide the different  strategies and method
s adopted in translation. In other words, the purpose of translation determines the translation strategies and methods.
Thirdly, Justa Holz-Mänttäri proposed the translatorial action theory, and further developed the Skopos Theory. This theory regards translation as a purpose-driven, result-oriented interaction among people. This theory and Skopos Theory have a lot in common, and Vermeer later merged the two.
Fourthly, Christina Nord comprehensively summarizes and improves the functional translation theories. For the first time, Christina Nord systematically explained in English the internal and external factors that need to be considered in text analysis in translation. And she also explained how to formulate a translation strategies suitable for the translation purposes on the basis of the functions of the original texts. Christina Nord sorted out the functional translation theories and proposed that translators should follow the guiding principles of "skopos and fidelity", thus perfecting the theory.
understandableAccording to Skopos Theory, the primary principle followed by all translation activities is th
e “skopos principle”, that is, translation should be able to play a role in the context and culture of translation in the way expected by the readers of the target text. The purpose of the translation behavior determines the whole process of the translation activity, that is, the result determines the methods. However, translation activities can have multiple purposes, which are further divided into three categories: (1) the basic purpose for the translator (such as making a living); (2) the communicative purpose of the translation (such as enlightening the reader); (3) the purpose to be achieved by using a special translation method (such as to explain the special grammatical structure in a language. It is literally translated according to its structure). However, in general, the “purpose” refers to the communicative purpose of the translation, that is, the communicative function of the translation for the readers in the social and cultural context of the translation. Therefore, the translator should clarify its specific purpose in a given translation context and decide which translation method to use - literal translation, free translation or in between.

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