Two Thousand Years of Terror
1st century C.E.Zealot rebels used a traditional dagger called a sica to dispatch enemies during their rebellion against Roman occupation.
60–61  A revolt against Roman rule in eastern Britain took place, killing 70,000
inhabitants. Roman reprisals were a campaign of terror.
11th century The Assassin movement attempted to purge the Islamic faith and resist
Crusader occupation in the Middle East by engaging in clandestine
assassinations and attacks against opponents.
July 1099During the First Crusade, Christians of the Western Church entered Jerusalem.leftist
They massacred thousands of Muslim and Orthodox Christian residents.
13th century During the Albigensian Crusade in southern France, legend holds that
concerns were raised about loyal Catholics who were being killed. The pope’s
representative allegedly replied, “Kill them all, God will know his own.”
1298–1303; 1336–1338Anti-Jewish communal violence, known as the Rindfleisch and Armleder Massacres, occurred in central Europe.
13th–19th centuries The Thuggee cult in India used a traditional noose called a phansi to strangle perhaps millions of victims in tribute to the goddess Kali, the destroyer.
14th–15th centuries Christian Europeans conducted many massacres (pogroms) of Jews.
Superstitious accusations were used to justify the pogroms.
August 24, 1572 Catholic forces massacred thousands of French Huguenot Protestants in what became known as the St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre. It occurred during
Counterreformation wars to suppress Protestant “heresies.”
1604–1605In England, Guy Fawkes hatched the Gunpowder Plot, intending to blow up
Westminster palace. Unfortunately for Fawkes, the plot was discovered, and
he and his coconspirators were tortured and executed.
1808–1814The Spanish people fought a brutal war against French military occupation.
The term guerrilla, or “little war,” was coined to describe the tactics of the
rebels.
1811–1816The Luddites in England sabotaged and destroyed machinery in factories,
which they believed were a cause of their unemployment and misery.
1865 or 1866The Ku Klux Klan was founded in the United States in Pulaski, Tennessee, by former Confederate general Nathan Bedford Forrest and other upper-class
Southerners.
1870s The Molly Maguires, a secret organization of Irish coal miners in
Pennsylvania, committed acts of sabotage and terrorism against mining
companies.
July 1879In Russia, People’s Will embarked on a campaign of terrorism and
assassination, arguing that a violent intellectual elite could force government
reforms.
1882–1968Nearly 5,000 African Americans (mostly men) died when they were lynched by mobs or smaller groups of white Americans.
About 1900The Black Hundreds was founded in Russia. A right-wing nationalist group,
the center of its ideology was strong and violent anti-Semitism.
June 28, 1914Gavrilo Princip, a student and member of the Serb terrorist organization Black Hand, assassinated Austrian Archduke Ferdinand and his wife in Sarajevo,
Bosnia, thus igniting a series of political events leading to World War I. 1915Ottoman Turkey committed genocide against its Armenian population.
Approximately 1 million Armenians were killed.
September 1920  A bomb was detonated on Wall Street in New York City. Thirty-five people
were killed, and hundreds were injured.
1930s–1940s During political purges, Soviet leader Joseph Stalin ordered the arrests and
executions of thousands of party members and army officers.
November 9, 1938The German government planned and instigated anti-Jewish rioting in an
evening that became known as Kristallnacht (the “Night of Glass”).
July 1941German Einsatzgruppen began to systematically kill Russian Jews and other
Soviet nationals.
1961–1996Approximately 200,000 Guatemalans were killed or during a 35-year civil war that included state-sponsored massacres and activity by death squads.
March 1965Members of the United Klans of America shot to death Viola Liuzzo in
Alabama and wounded a traveling companion.
1969–1986Nearly 15,000 right- and left-wing terrorist attacks occurred in Italy.
June 1969Brazilian revolutionary Carlos Marighella completed the Mini-Manual of the Urban Guerrilla.
October 1969  A bomb in Chicago destroyed a monument dedicated to the Chicago police.
The leftist Weatherman group was responsible for the attack.
September 1970Jordanian troops drove the Palestine Liberation Organization out of Jordan in an operation that became known as Black September, the name later adopted
by a Palestinian terrorist organization.
1971–1979Idi Amin ruled Uganda with an iron fist. He was responsible for the forcible
expulsion of Uganda’s Indian and Pakistani merchant class, as well as the
deaths of at least 100,000 and perhaps as many as 500,000 Ugandans. January 30, 1972Elite British paratroopers fired on Irish Catholic demonstrators in
Londonderry, Northern Ireland. The incident became known as Bloody
Sunday. This was a seminal incident in the armed conflict waged by the
Provisional Irish Republican Army.
September 1972Eight members of Black September captured nine Israeli athletes and killed
two others at the Olympic Village during the Munich Olympics. Five terrorists
and all nine athletes were killed during a rescue attempt by the Bavarian
police.
Fall 1974The Provisional Irish Republican Army launched a bombing campaign in England.
1975–1979The communist Khmer Rouge killed up to 2 million Cambodians through
executions, starvation, exhaustion, and torture.
December 1975Terrorist Carlos the Jackal and his comrades seized 70 hostages at an OPEC
ministers’ meeting in Vienna, Austria.
July 4, 1976Israeli commandos attacked an airport in Entebbe, Uganda, to rescue 103
hostages after an Air France Airbus hijacking by Palestinian and West
German terrorists.
September 5, 1977The German Red Army Faction kidnapped industrialist Hanns-Martin
Schleyer, whose body was later found in the trunk of a car.
October 1977West German commandos attacked an airport in Mogadishu, Somalia, to
rescue hostages taken when a Lufthansa Boeing 737 was hijacked by
Palestinian supporters of Red Army Faction prisoners held in West German
prisons.
1978–1995During a 17-year FBI manhunt, Theodore Kaczynski, also known as the
Unabomber, killed 3 people and injured 22 in a series of bombings.
March 16, 1978Former Italian Prime Minister Aldo Moro was kidnapped in Rome by the Red Brigade. Moro’s body was later found in the trunk of a parked car. December 1979The Soviet Army invaded Afghanistan. Fighting alongside the Afghani
resistance were thousands of “Afghan Arabs,” including Osama bin Laden. 1980s Colombian drug cartels killed hundreds of public officials, including police
officers, judges, presidential candidates, and criminal justice employees.
May 1981  A Brinks armored car was robbed in Nyack, New York, by former members
of the Weather Underground Organization, Students for a Democratic Society,
Black Panther Party, the Republic of New Africa, and the Black Liberation
Army.
April 1983  A neo-Nazi group calling itself the Order initiated a campaign of violence,
hoping to foment a race war in the United States.
December 16, 1983The Provisional Irish Republican Army bombed Harrods Department Store in London.
June 1985Hijackers belonging to Lebanon’s Hezbollah hijacked TWA Flight 847,
taking it on a high-profile and media-intensive odyssey around the
Mediterranean.
December 27, 1985The Abu Nidal Organization carried out simultaneous attacks at the Rome and

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