英语复习重点
Translation
Unit One
No understanding of the English language can be very satisfactory without a shuddernotion of the history of the language. But we shall have to make do with just a notion. The history of English is long and complicated, and we can only hit the high spots.
不了解英语的历史很难真正掌握这门语言，然而对此我们只能做到略有所知。因为英语的历史既漫长又复杂，我们只能抓住其发展过程中的几个关键时期。
It is vocabulary that the effects of the Conquest are most obvious. French ceased, after a hundred years or so, to be the native language of very many people in England, but it continued-and continues still-to be a zealously cultivated second language, the mirror of elegance and civilization.
这种影响在词汇领域最为明显，虽然一百多年之后，法语不再是许多英格兰居民的母语，但是仍然有许多人热衷于学习法语，视之为高雅和修养的标志。英国人对法语的这种热情甚至延续至今。
This was not only easy but socially useful. To pepper one’s conversation with French expressions was to show that one was well-bred, elegant, au courant.
这种表达不但容易而且还具有社会功能。与人交谈时如果能用上一些法语词汇就能体现自己是一个有教养的、优雅的、与时俱进的人。
The history of English since 1700 is filled with many movements and countermovements, one of which is the vigorous attempt made in the eighteenth century, and the rather half-hearted attempts made since, to regulate and control the English language.
自从1700年以来，英语的发展起起落落，几经变革。18世纪对英语用法的规范及确定就是一种积极的尝试，此后又有一系列这方面的尝试，但是这些尝试显得有些漫不经心。
Unit Two
Why go to graduate school at all? The usual reasons given are that a Ph.D. degree is required or preferred for some jobs, especially research and academic positions; that it gives you a chance to learn a great deal about a specific area; and that it provides an opportunity to develop ideas and perform original research. Wanting to delay your job hunt is probably not a good enough reason. Graduate school is a lot of work and requires strong motivation and focus. You have to really want to be there to make it through.
究竟为什么读研呢？人们给出的一些常见的理由是有些工作要求或青睐博士学位，尤其是研究或学术类的职位；读研使你有机会深入学习某个领域；为你提供一个开发思想以及从事独创研究的机会。希望通过读研延迟工作或许不是一个足够好的理由。读研需要投入大量的精力，并且需要强大的动力和明确的方向。你必须发自内心地想读才能够完成学业。
Being a good researcher involves more than “merely” coming up with brilliant ideas and implementing them. Most researchers spend the majority of their time reading papers, discussing ideas with colleagues, writing and revising papers, staring blankly into space-and, of course, having brilliant ideas and implementing them.
要成为一个好的研究者，仅仅提出新颖的想法并付诸实现还是不够的。大多数研究者花费大量的时间阅读论文、与同事讨论想法、进行论文的写作和修改工作以及发呆（仰望星空），当然你还需要新颖的想法并付诸实现。
You’ll have to read a lot of technical papers to become familiar with any field, and to stay current once you’ve caught up.
要熟悉任何一个领域，你需要阅读很多的专业类的论文，一旦熟悉了这一领域，还还要保持及时更新。
Keep the papers you read filed away so you can find them again later, and set up an online bibliography. I find it useful to add extra fields for keywords, the location of the paper(if you borrowed the reference from the library or a friend), and a short summary of particularly interesting papers.
把读过的论文归档便于以后查，建立一个网上参考书目。我发现附加关键词、文章的来源等信息十分有用（如果你从图书馆或朋友那里借阅资料），还可以为特别有兴趣的论文增加一个简短的摘要。
When writing a thesis, or any technical paper, realize that your audience is almost guaranteed to be less familiar with your subject than you are. Explain your motivations, goals, and methodology clearly. Be repetitive without being boring, by presenting your ideas at several levels of abstraction, and by using examples to convey the ideas in a different way.
当你撰写学位论文或者专业类论文的时候，要意识到你的听众几乎确定无疑不如你熟悉研究的专题。清楚的解释你的动机、目标和方法。反复表述你的思想，而不是啰嗦得让人厌烦。在不同的抽象层面上，或者运用例子以不同的方式来表述你的想法。
Unit Three
The method of scientific investigation is nothing but the expression of the necessary mode of working of the human mind. It is simply the mode at which all phenomena are reasoned about, rendered precise and exact. There is no more difference, between the mental operations of a man of science and those of an ordinary person, as there is between the operations and methods of a baker or of a butcher weighing out his goods in
common scales, and the operations of a chemist in performing a difficult and complex analysis by means of his balance and finely graduated weights. It is not that the action of the scales in the one case, and the balance in the other, differ in the principles of their construction or manner of working; but the beam of one is set on an infinitely finer axis than the other, and of course turns by the addition of a much smaller weight.
科学研究的方法只是人类大脑工作必然方式的体现而已。简言之，一切现象通过这一方式被加以分析，从而变得清晰而准确。科研工作者的大脑运作与普通人的无太大区别。两者之间的区别和烘焙师或屠夫在普通磅秤上秤他的货品时的操作方法与化学家通过天平和精细分级的砝码进行困难而复杂的分析的区别是一样的。这并不是一个秤的活动部件和另一个的部件在构造原理或工作方式上相异，而是其中一个秤的梁被置于更加精细的轴上，所以稍微增加一点重量，这个天平当然就会发生倾斜。
You will understand this better, perhaps , if I give you some familiar example. You have all heard it repeated, I dare say, that men of science work by means of induction and diction, and that by the help of these operations, they, in a sort of sense, wring from Nature certai
n other things, which are called natural laws, and causes, and that out of these, by some cunning skill of their own, they build up hypotheses and theories.
我给你举一个耳熟能详的例子，也许你对此便能更好地理解。我敢说，你常常听人说，从事科学工作的人们通过归纳和演绎的方法进行工作。从某种意义上来说，他们通过这些方式从自然界中提取出被称之为自然法则的东西，而从这些自然法则中，他们又靠着自己的某些巧计提出假设和建立理论学说。
Unit Four
She did not hear the story as many women have heard the same, with a paralyzed inability to accept its significance. She wept at once, with sudden, wild abandonment, in her sister’s arms. When the storm of grief had spent itself she went away to her room alone. She would have no one follow her.

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