摘要
功利主义又被称为最大幸福主义，是西方伦理思想史上具有重要影响力的学派之一。功利主义幸福观产生于十八世纪的英国，以趋乐避苦的人性论为基础，将幸福作为人类追求的唯一终极目标。以最大多数人的最大幸福作为基本的道德原则，一方面提出了一种极易操作的基本道德思考模式，从后果来判断行为的正当，凡是能够增进幸福和利益的都是好的或者善的行为，反之就是不好的或者恶的行为；另一方面又强烈的关注着人们的现实利益、实际利益，具有很强的实践特点。虽然功利主义伦理学本身存在无法克服的缺陷，但它在理论和逻辑上都有一定的可取之处，无论是在当时被新兴资产阶级所看重，还是在后来受到功利主义影响的美国实用主义的出现，都表明了它有着值得肯定的方面。随着时间的流逝，功利主义的幸福思想在西方伦理思想史上还占有一定地位，可以看出它的巨大贡献是不容忽视的。
功利主义追求的目标是在肯定个人利益的正当性的同时，提倡个人与他人之间的互利，其目的主要是为了克服由资本主义发展初期所出现的弊端，使之符合当时社会的道德观念。功利主义最大幸福原则受到了西方早期思想中的感性主义和近代的利己主义的影响，并对它们进行了批判性的继承。
在功利主义者看来，最大幸福原则是一个不证自明的原则，它是社会道德与政府立法的基础。幸福是唯一值得欲求的东西，其他东西包括道德都只是实现幸福的工具或手段。而它在注重个人利益的同时，试图将个人利益与社会利益连结，在理论上也是为了克服当时在人们思想中居主导地位的利己主义人性论。
最大幸福原则注重个人利益、民主和自由、个人利益与社会利益，这对于今天的社会主义道德建设有着重要的启示作用。但它也存在诸多局限性，作为一条实践原则，功利主义最大幸福原则根本无法实现。
关键词：功利主义；幸福；最大幸福原则；个人幸福与社会幸福；
I
Abstract
Utilitarianism, also known as the doctrine of the most happiness, is one of the most influential moral school in the west. The view of utilitarian happiness was born in the 18th century England. This theory, based on the human nature of tending happiness and avoiding bitter "the greatest happiness of most people" as the basic moral principle and happiness as the only and ultimate pursuit of human. Utilitarianism provide one easy operating moral thinking mode which take outcome as judgement of behaviours. Every behaviour that can lead to happiness is supposed to be right, and vice versa. Utilitarianism also has a strong practical meaning because of focusing on practical interests and actual benefits. From the protection of individual freedom and personality, Utilitarianism advocate representative democracy as a tool of balancing individual and society interests. Despite its
flaws are unable to overcome, utilitarianism has merits in both theory and logic. As a matter of fact, the new bourgeoisie of that time think very highly of it and utilitarianism also deeply influenced American Pragmatism. Over time, utilitarianism still takes an important seat in the history of western ethics and its great contribution should not be ignored.
The pursuit of utilitarianism is securing the legitimacy of self-interest, in the meantime, advocating the mutual interest of oneself and others. This thought was mainly proposed to overcome drawbacks in the early stage of capitalism and make it consist with the moral view of that time. The greatest happiness principle of utilitarianism was deeply influenced by rationalism and egoism and inherited it critically.
To utilitarian, the greatest happiness principle is self- evident. It is the foundation of social morality and government legislation. Happiness is the only thing that worth pursuing other things beside including ethic are mere tools or means of the pursuit of happiness. The combination of individual interests and social interests, at the same time insuring individual interests, was used to overcome the dominant place of egoism at that time in human minds.
II
Utilitarian focus on individual interests, democracy and freedom, self-interests and social interests. This provides great inspirations in constructing socialist morality. However, there are also some limitations that, as a code of practice, the greatest happiness of utilitarianism is impossible to achieve.
Keywords: utilitarianism; happiness; maximum happiness principle; personal happiness and social well-being;
III
目录
摘要 ..................................................... I
< II
目录 .................................................... IV 一、 绪论 (1)
（一）选题背景 (1)
（二）文献综述 (2)
1、 国内相关文献综述 (2)
2、 国外相关文献综述 (3)
（三）研究目的和意义 (4)
（四）可能性创新 (5)
（五）论文的主要思路 (5)
二、 最大幸福原则形成的背景及理论基础 (7)
（一）功利主义的主要代表 (7)
1、 边沁——功利主义的奠基者 (7)
2、 密尔——功利主义思想的修正者和捍卫者 (8)
（二）最大幸福原则的具体来源 (9)
（三）最大幸福原则形成的社会背景 (10)
1、 顺应市场经济的利益诉求 (10)
2、 响应民主政治的阶级需要 (11)
（四）最大幸福原则的理论基础 (12)
1、感性主义的幸福观 (12)
2、利己主义的人性观 (13)
三、 最大幸福原则的内涵及实现 (14)
（一）功利原理的表达 (14)
（二）从“快乐”到“幸福” (15)
1、 快乐与幸福 (15)
IV
2、快乐的计算 (16)
（三）最大幸福原则的证明 (18)
1、最大幸福原则的不证自明与间接证明 (18)
2、最大幸福原则的可欲性 (19)
（四）个人幸福与社会幸福的选择 (20)
1、 个人幸福是基础 (20)
2、 个人幸福与社会幸福相结合 (21)
（五）幸福与道德 (22)
1、 道德制裁理论 (22)
2、 内在约束力——密尔“良心说” (24)
（六）最大幸福原则的政治保障 (25)
1、 自由与个性发展 (25)
2、 代议制政府 (26)securing
四、 最大幸福原则的意义及其限度 (28)
（一）最大幸福原则的意义 (28)
1、 肯定个人利益的正当性 (28)
2、 突出民主和自由的重要性 (29)
3、 表明个人利益与社会利益的关联性 (29)
（二）最大幸福原则的局限性 (31)
1、 对社会公正的漠视 (31)
2、 道德标准的不完备 (32)
3、 最大幸福原则的模糊性 (33)
结语 (35)
参考文献 (37)
个人简历、在学期间发表的学术论文及研究成果 (39)
致谢 (40)
V

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