逗号的用法汇总集合
    乱用标点或漏用标点，是同学们日常写作中常犯的错误。一方面是因为大家对标点不够重视，认为不就是一个“点”吗?有什么大不了。一方面也是因为没有专门学习过标点的用法。
    今天我们详细讲解下逗号的用法，希望大家对功能强大的逗号多一点了解，以后写作多一点真诚，少一点随意。
    废话不多说，先上一句看起来像被雷劈过的句子
    What we today call American folk art was, indeed, art of, by, and for ordinary, everyday 'folks' who, with increasing prosperity and leisure, created a market for art of all kinds, and especially for portraits.
    你内心的mmp我已经清楚地听到了。等我们把用法都讲过一遍，你就知道这里面的每一个逗号都有什么用，以及这句话到底什么意思。
    逗号的六种用法
    1. 分隔连续并列的各项
    3个或以上列举
    The street vendor sold watches, necklaces, bracelets, and earrings.
    The pitcher adjusted his cap, pawed the ground, and peered over his shoulder.
    The exercise instructor told us to inhale, exhale, and relax.
    2个并列列举用and就可以了，不用逗号
    Chen Speaks Mandarin and Cantonese.
    两个描述型的词(descriptive word)并列时，逗号的使用要根据语义。
    Joe peered into the hot, still-smoking engine. “热的”，“还在冒烟”的引擎
    如果并列的两个描述型词语之间加上and听起来很自然(natural)，例如hot and still-smoking 既热又还在冒烟的，两者的并列很自然，就可以用and隔开。
    但是 Tony wore a pale green tuxedo. 这个句子里pale浅和green绿如果中间加“and”就听起来很不自然，所以就不要加逗号。
    The warm blankets comforted us as we heard the cold north wind blow through the pines. 这个句子里 “cold and north" “既冷又朝北的窗子”听起来就很奇怪，所以就不要用逗号隔开了。
    其实大家可以试着用“既...又..." 翻译试试，如果描述的维度接近，听着顺耳，就是可以用逗号隔开的。
    2.用于开头，引入一个独立分句(independent clause)
    : 独立分句就是能够独立存在的句子;与其对应的是从属句/从句，不能独立存在 如although。 或 引导的都是从句，都不能单独存在。
    看几个例子
    Therefore, I plan to quit smoking.
pines    As a result, I feel terrible right now.
    Nervously, I threw away my cigarettes.
    Having smoked for 16 years, I find it difficult to quit.
    *Because I have a chronic cough, my doctor recommended that I quit immediately.
    *Although he had been first in the checkout line, Deion let an elderly woman go ahead of him.
    *When the meal was finished, Rachel washed up and made coffee.
    上面三句加*的句子是可以把主句和从句位置调换的，调换以后逗号可以省略(不会出现歧义)
    *My doctor recommended that I quit immediately because I have a chronic cough.
    *Deion let an elderly woman go ahead of him although he had been first in the checkout line.
    *Rachel washed up and made coffee when the meal was finished.
    : 如果开头部分很短，有时可省略 After the war many soldiers stayed in France. 不过仍然建议大家每次都用逗号，避免出错。
    3. 作插入语，提供一个非必要的信息
    ①The weather, windy and wild, created twenty-foot swells on the lake.
    ②Sue Dodd, who goes to aerobics class with me, was in a serious car accident.
    插入语的前后都要使用逗号，插入的内容只是额外补充(extra information)，并不是必要信息。判断一个内容是不是一个句子里的必要信息，只需把该内容删掉以后，再看句意是否完整。
    比如上面这个句子，如果去掉who goes to aerobics class with me，就剩下
    Sue Dodd was in a serious car accident. 句子信息仍然是完整清晰的，说明插入的部分是非必要信息，一定要加逗号。
    但如果是下面这句:
    ③The woman who goes to aerobics class with me was in a serious car accident.
    如果去掉who goes to aerobics class with me，原句就剩
    The woman was in a serious car accident. 句意就不清楚不完整了 “到底是哪个女人出车祸了?” 因此这个信息是句中必要信息，不能使用双逗号作为插入语。
    大家应该已经发现②③就是平时常提到的非限定定语从句和限定性定语从句。
    “限定”就是必须要修饰的信息，一旦缺少该信息句意就不完整，如句③
    “非限定”就是没有限定作用，只补充非必要信息，删除也不影响句意完整，如句②
    我们再看两个非限定定语从句的例子
    Marty’s computer, which his wife got him as a birthday gift, occupies all his spare time. (去掉双逗号插入的部分，句子信息仍然完整清晰 Marty的电脑占据了他全部的业余时间)
    Hawaii, which became the fiftieth state in 1959, is made up of eight major islands. (去掉双逗号插入的部分，句子信息仍然完整清晰。夏威夷由八个岛屿组成。
    我们再对比下面两组句子:
    ①Watership Down, a novel by Richard Adams, is the most thrilling adventure story I’ve ever read.

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