Chapter 2 Phonology 音系学
1.The phonic medium of language 语言的声音媒介
Linguists are not interested in all sounds ;they are concerned with only those sounds that are produced by the human speech organs in so far as they have a role to play in linguistic communication .These sounds are limited in number .This limited range of sounds which are meaningful in human communication and are of interest to linguistic studies are the phonic medium of language ;and the individual sounds within this range are the speech sounds.
语言学家也并不是对所有的声音感兴趣,他们只关注那些在语言交际中占有一席之地、由人类的发音器官所发出来的那些声音.这些声音在数量上是有限的。这些范围有限,但对人类交际活动意义重大、对语言学研究价值不菲的声音就是语言的声音媒介,凡是在这个范围的每个单个的声音都叫做语音。
2.Phonetics 语音学
2.1What is phonetics? 什么是语音学?
Phonetics is defined as the study of the phonic medium of language; it is concerned with all the sound that occur in the world’s languages.
语音学一般定义为语言声音媒介的研究。它的主要研究对象是世界上所有的语言中出现过的一切声音。
These three branches of phonetics are labeled articulatory phonetics, auditory phonetics, and acoustic phonetics respectively。
语音学的三个分支分别被称为发音语音学,听觉语音学和声学语音学。
Of the three branches of phonetics, the longest established, and until recently the most highly developed, is articulatory phonetics。
在语音学的这三个分支里,建立历史最长,迄今发展最完善的就是发音语音学。
Acoustic phoneticians try to describe the physical properties of the stream of sounds whic
h a speaker issues. To describe these properties, they record the sound waves on machines called spectrographs.
声学语音学家们正在尝试描述说话者所发出的声流的物理属性。为了记录这些声波,他们使用一种叫做声谱仪的机器。
2.2Organs of speech 语言的发音器官
The Pharyngeal cavity 咽腔
Vibration of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds called “voicing” , which is a feature of all vowels and some consonants, such as [b], [z],[m]。
这种声带的颤动导致一种语音音的产生——“浊音”,这是所有元音和诸如[b], [z],[m]之类的辅音所共有的特征。
The speed of the vibration determines the pitch of the sounds。
声带颤动的速度决定了所发声音的音高。
Voiceless 清音 such as [t],[s],[f].
The oral cavity 口腔
The greatest source of modification of the air stream is found in the oral cavity.
气流所受到的主要的调节来自口腔。
The tongue is the most flexible, and is responsible for more varieties of articulation than any other.
舌头是最灵活的,因而它比其他任何发音器官在发音变化中所起的作用都要大。
The nasal cavity 鼻腔
2.3Orthographic representation of speech sounds—broad and narrow transcriptions
语音的正字标音法—宽式标音法和严式标音法
International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) 国际音标
The basic principle of the IPA is using a different letter for each distinguishable speech sound。
国际音标的基本原则就是对每个不同的语音都分别用一个不同的字母来代表。
Broad transcription: the transcription with letter-symbols only。( dictionaries and teaching textbooks )。
宽式标音法:一套是仅用字母符号来标音的方法。(字典、教科书)
Narrow transcription: the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics.( the phoneticians in their study of speech sounds ).
严式标音法:一套字母符号和附加符号一起用来标音的方法。(语音学家们在对语音的研究中使用的)
Clear [l] 清音 [l]
Dark[l] 模糊 [l]
Dental[l] 齿音[l]
Aspirated 送气音
Unaspirated 不送气音
Syllabic nasal 鼻音节
2.4Classification of English speech sounds
英语语音的分类
The basic difference between a vowel and a consonant is that in the pronunciation of the former the air that comes from the lungs meets with no obstruction of any kind in the throat, the nose, or the mouth, while in that of the latter it is obstructed in one way or another。stops是什么音
元音和辅音的基本区别在于在发前者的时候,从肺部呼出的气流在咽喉、鼻子或口腔里均不会受到任何形式的阻碍,而在发后者的时候则要受到不同形式的阻碍。
2.4.1Classification of English consonants 英语辅音的分类
1。 Manner of articulation 发音的方法
Stops爆破音 ( a stop or a plosive) :[p],[b],[t],[d],[k],[g]
fricatives:擦音[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
affricates:塞擦音[ ] [ ]
liquids:流音
nasals:鼻音
glides:滑音
2。 Place of articulation 发音的位置
bilabial:双唇音
labiodental:唇齿音
dental:齿音
alveolar:齿龈音
palatal:腭音
velar:软腭音
glottal: 喉音
2.4.2Classification of English vowels 英语元音的分类
1. The position of the tongue 口腔中舌头的位置
front vowels 前元音
central vowels 中元音
back vowels 后元音
2。 The openness of the mouth 口张开的程度
close vowels 闭元音
semi—close vowels 半闭元音
semi-open vowels 半开元音
open vowels 开元音
3. The shape of the lips 嘴唇的形状
All the front vowels and the central vowels are unrounded vowels。 所有的前元音和中元音都是非圆唇音。
Unrounded vowels 非圆唇音
Rounded vowels 圆唇音:all the back vowels ,with the exception of [a:] 除了[a:]之外所有的后元音都是圆唇音。
4. The length of the vowels 元音的长度
the long vowels 长元音
the short vowels 短元音
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