学科知识与教学能力笔记(英语)
一、语音考点
(一)元音Vowels
考点1:元音的舌位图
从图中可以看到,/i:/与/æ/都是前元音,但是/i:/时牙床近于全合;发/æ/时,牙床近于全开。可见,发音时调节口的开张程度就产生的不同的前元音。
我们先来看看英语单元音的舌位图(P70)。图的左方为口腔的前部,右方为其后部。竖线把舌头分成前中后三个部分;横线表示牙床的开合程度,图中的圆点表示元音音素发音时舌头抬得最高的那一部分在口腔中的位置。
单元音可按发音时舌头前、中、后哪一部分抬得最高而分成三类:前元音,中元音,后元音(back vowels)。
元音一般从四个方面进行描述:舌位(high, mid, low),舌头最高部位的位置(front, central, back),长度(long, short)或紧张度(tense, lax),唇的开口度(rounded, unrounded
音标描述汇总:
[i:]    high  front tense  unrounded  vowel
[І]    high  front  lax  unrounded  vowel
[u:]    high back tense  rounded  vowel
[ʊ]即[u] high  back lax  rounded  vowel
[З:][ə:]  central  tense  unrounded  vowel
[ə]  central  lax  unrounded  vowel
[e]  mid-high  front  lax  unrounded  vowel
[æ]  low  front  lax  unrounded  vowel 
[Λ]  mid-low back  lax  unrounded  vowel
[ɔ:]  mid-low back  tense  rounded  vowel
[ɒ]  low  back lax  rounded  vowel
[ɑ:]  low  back tense  unrounded  vowel
考点2:专有名词
基本元音 Cardinal Vowels
纯元音Pure Vowels/单元音 Monophthong Vowels
发音过程中,音质有听觉上的变化,如果运动一次其滑动导致双元音,运动两次产生三元
滑元音Vowels glides:There is an audible change of quality. ——If a single movement of the tongue is involved, the glides are called双元音Diphthongs
如:[eI]  from  mid-low  front  to  high  front
[aI]  [ɔI]  [əʊ]    [aʊ]    [Iə]  [eə]      [ʊə]
A double movement produces 三元音Triphthong 例如:tower中[aʊə]
(二)辅音Consonants
发音时,声道的某些部位受到挤压或阻碍后,使得气流在口腔里转向、受阻或完全被阻挡。
Consonants are sounds produced by constricting or obstructing the vocal tract at some place to divert, impede or completely shut off the flow of air in the oral cavity.
Vowels元音: produced without such obstruction so no turbulence or a total stopping of the air can be perceived.
区别:the distinction between vowels and consonants lies in the obstruction of airstream.阻塞气流。
考点1:Manners of articulation发音方式
Which of the following words does not contain a fricative?
A. Five  B. change  C. show  D. three
因为change有两个摩擦音
stops 爆破音 [p, b, t, d, k, g]
nasal鼻音 [m, n, ŋ]
fricative摩擦音 [f, v, θ, ð, s, z, , ʒ, h]
approximant近似音stops是什么音 [w, r, j ]
lateral边音 [l]
affricate塞擦音 [ts, dz, tr, dr]
考点2:Places of articulation发音部位
例题:The phoneme[n]—[m]
open book √ open market √ brown paper √ brown hat ×
看第二个单词音标是什么
bilabial双唇音、labiodental唇齿、dental齿间 、alveolar齿龈、postalveolar齿龈后 、retroflex卷舌音、palatal 硬腭、velar软腭glottal声门[h]
总结:
[p]  voiceless  bilabial  stop
[b] voiced    bilabial  stop
[t]      voiceless alveolar stop
[d]      voiced  alveolar  stop
[k]  voiceless  velar  stop
[g]      voiced  velar  stop
[m]  bilabial nasal
[n]  alveolar nasal
[ŋ]    velar nasal
[f]  voiceless  labiodental  fricative
[v]  voiced  labiodental  fricative
[ϑ]  voiceless  dental  fricative
[ð]  voiced  dental fricative
[s]  voiceless  alveolar  fricative
[z]  voiced  alveolar  fricative
[∫]  voiceless  postalveolar  fricative
[ʒ]    voiced  postalveolar  fricative
[h]    glottal  fricative
[t∫]  voiceless  postalveolar  affricate
[dʒ]  voiced  postalveolar  affricate
[l ]  alveolar  lateral
[r]    alveolar  approximant
[w]  bilabial  approximant   
[j]    palatal  approximant
(三)Assimilation同化现象:a process by which one sound takes on some or all characteristics of a neighboring sound.
Nasalization鼻音化、cap can
Dentalization齿音、tent tenth
Velarization软腭 since sink
Voiced frication有声擦音voiceless无声擦音/__voiceless清音
five past/ has to/ have to [hf tu ]
are all instances Assimilation. is often used synonymously with coarticulation协同发音If the sound becomes more like the following sound, as in the case of lamb, it is known as anticipatory coarticulation(先期协同发音). If the sound shows the influence of the preceding sound, it is perseverative coarticulation(后滞协同发音), as is the case of map.

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