英语的辅音分类（双语）
英语中有48个因素，按照发音时气流是否受阻，分为元音音素和辅音因素两大类。其中元音因素有20个，辅音因素有28个。音标是记录因素的符号。目前，我国通用的国际音标共有48个，其中，元音音标20个，辅音音标28个。
Classifications of English consonants辅音分类
The consonants in English can be described in terms of four dimensions.英语的辅音可从四个方面进行分类。
（1）the position of the soft palate：软腭位置
（2）the presence or the absence of vocal-cord vibration声带的振动与否
（3）the place of articulation发音部位
（4）the manner of articulation发音方式
详细介绍：
（1）the position of the soft palate软腭位置：①鼻腔辅音②口腔辅音
①Nasal consonants鼻腔辅音：When the soft palate（velum）is lowered,the airstream from the lungs will have access to the nasal cavity as well as to the oral cavity.The consonants produced in this way are called nasal consonants.当软腭降低，来自肺部的气流接近鼻腔以及口腔。以这种方式产生的辅音叫做鼻腔辅音。
②Oral consonants口腔辅音：When the soft palate（velum）is raised against the back of throat，the airstream can have access only to the oral cavity.The sounds produced in this way are called oral consonants.当软腭提高到喉咙后面，气流可以只能接近口腔。以这种方式产生的声音被称为口腔辅音。
In English，there are three distinctive nasal consonants：英语中，有三个独特的鼻腔辅音：[m],[n],[ŋ]。stops是什么音
（2）the presence or the absence of vocal-cord vibration声带的振动与否：①浊辅音②清辅音
①Voiced consonants浊辅音：Voiced consonants are produced because the airstream passing through the glottis brings about vocal-cord vibration.产生浊辅音是因为气流通过声门时带来了声带振动。（备注：声带振动，不送气）
②Voiceless consonants清辅音：Voiceless consonants are pronounced because the airstream can pass freely through the glottis into the vocal cavity without vocal-cord vibration.清辅音发音是由于气流可以自由穿透声门到声腔却没有引起声带振动。（备注：声带不振动，只送气）
注：共10对清浊辅音
[b][d][g][v][ð][z][dr][dz][ʒ][dʒ]
[p][t][k][f][θ][s][tr][ts][ʃ][tʃ]
（3）the place of articulation(发音部位)：
定义：the place in the mouth where the obstruction occurs.气流阻塞在嘴中发生的部位。
按发音部位可分为以下几类：①双唇音②唇齿音③舌齿音④齿龈音⑤后齿龈音⑥齿龈硬腭音⑦硬腭音⑧软腭音⑨声门音
①Bilabial(双唇音)：consonants for which the flow of air is stopped or restricted by the two lips.气流受阻的部位在双唇。[p],[b],[m],[w]
②Labiodentals(唇齿音)：consonants brought about by bringing the bottom lip to the upper teeth.下唇与上齿接触使气流受阻。[f],[v]
③Dentals/interdentals(齿音)：consonants for which the flow of air is restricted by catching the tongue between the teeth.舌尖与上齿接触使气流受阻。[θ][ð]
④Alveolar(齿龈音)：consonants produced by bringing the tip of the tongue into contact with the upper teeth-ridge to create the obstruction.舌尖与上齿龈隆骨接触使气流受阻。[t][d][s][z][n][l]
⑤Post-alveolars(后齿龈音)：consonants pronounced by bringing the tip of the tongue to the rear part of the alveolar ridge.舌尖与上齿龈后面部分接触使气流受阻。[r][tr][dr]
⑥Alveo-palatals（齿龈硬腭音）：consonants formed by putting the tongue at the very front part of the hard palate，near the alveolar ridge.受阻部位发生在舌根与硬腭正前段，靠近牙龈之间。[ʃ][ʒ][tʃ][dʒ]
⑦palatals（硬颚音）：consonants formed by bringing the back of the tongue to the hard palate.受阻部位发生在舌根与硬腭之间。[c][J][j]
⑧velars(软腭音)：consonants made by bringing the back of the tongue to the soft palate.舌根与软腭
接触使气流受阻。[k]
[g][ŋ]
⑨Glottals(声门音/喉音)：sounds produced by bringing the vocal cords momentarily together to create the obstruction. Include a glottal stop[?]and a glottal fricative.[h]声带短时接触使气流受阻。包括喉塞音[?]和喉擦音[h]。
4）The manner of articulation（发音方法）:
定义：the manner in which obstruction is created.
根据发音方法，英语的辅音可分为：
①Stops闭止音/塞音:sounds produced by stopping the airstream from the lungs and then suddenly releasing it.气流开始完全受阻，然后突然释放。[p][b][t][d][k][g]
分为：plosives爆破音（oral stops口腔闭止音）and nasals鼻腔音（nasal stops鼻腔闭止音）.
nasal stops：[m][n][ŋ]
oral stops：[p][b][t][d][c][J][k][g].etc
②Fricatives摩擦音:the airstream is not completely stopped but is obstructed from flowing freely.The passage is so narrow that the air causes friction.气流部分受阻，被阻碍了自由流动，气流从狭窄的通道挤出，产生摩擦。
[f],[v][θ][ð][s][z][ʃ][ʒ][h]
③Affricates破擦音/塞擦音:first stop the airstream and then immediately release it slowly.气流开始完全受阻，然后气流从狭窄通道缓慢释放，并伴有摩擦发生。
[tʃ][dʒ][tr][dr].[ts][dz].
④Liquids流音:there is some obstruction of the airstream in the mouth，but not enough to cause friction.受阻的气流从舌头与上部形成的通道释放出，但并未引起摩擦。[l][r]
注e：[r]which is also called retroflex(卷舌音)or central liquid（中流音）
[l]which is also called lateral（边音）or lateral liquid(旁流音)
⑤Glides滑音:produce with little or no obstruction of the airstream in the mouth.
[w],[j]which are also called semivowels.发音时，很少或没有气流阻碍在口腔中，[w],[j]也成为半元音。（备注：它们的发音与[u],[i]相同）
这四种分类分别都揭示了英语辅音的某些特征。一个完整的辅音音标描述应该包括所有的四个方面。我们可以借助以下表格来具体分析一个语音。

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