Chapter 2
1. Deictic expression/ indexical : deixis is a technical term for one of the most basic things we do with utterances. It means “pointing” via language. Any linguistic form used to accomplish this “pointing” is called a deictic expression. For example, when you notice a strange object and ask, “What’s that?”, you are using a deictic expression “that ” to indicate something in the immediate context.
2. Person deixis: forms used to indicate some people, eg, me you.
3. Spatial deixis: forms used to point to location, eg. Here there.
4. Temporal deixis: forms used to point to location in time, eg, now then.
5. Proximal terms: indicate near speaker, this here now. For example, “now” is generally understood as referring to some point or period in time that has the time of the speaker’s utterance at its center.
6. Distal terms: indicate away from speaker, that there then.
7. Deictic center: the speaker’s location/ time.
8. Honorifics: expressions which indicate higher status.
9. T/V distinction: the distinction between forms used for a familiar versus a non-familiar addressee in some languages. For example, tu familiar vous non-familiar.
10. Deictic projection: speakers acting as if they are somewhere else. Fro example, speakers may project themselves into other locations prior to actually being in those locations, as when they say”I will come later.”
11. Psychological distance: speaker’s marking of how close or distant something is perceived to be. For example, a speaker may wish to mark something that is physically close (for example, a perfume being sniffed by the speaker) as psychologically distant “I don’t like that”.
Chapter 4
1. Presupposition：a presupposition is something the speaker assumes to be the case prior to making an utterance. Speakers, not sentences, have presuppositions. For example, in producing the utterance “Mary’s brother bought three horses.”, the speaker will normally be expected to have the presuppositions that a person called Mary exists and that she has a brother.
2. Entailment: an entailment is something that logically follows form what is asserted in the utterance. Sentences, not speakers, have entailments. For example, the sentence “Mary’s brother bought three horses” will be treated as having the entailments that Mary’s brother bought something, bought three animals, bought two horses, bought one horse, and many other similar logical consequences.
3. Constancy under negation: it means that the presupposition of a sentence will remain constant even when that statement is negated. For example, when “Everybody knows that John is gay” is negated as in “Everybody doesn’t know that John is gay”, the presupposition that cooperative“John is gay ” is still true.
4. Potential presupposition: an assumption typically associated with use of a linguistic form, eg. The use of the verb “regret” in “He regrets doing that” carries an assumption that he actually “did that”.
5. Existential presupposition: an assumption that someone or something, identified by use of a noun phrase, does exist. For example, the noun phrase “your car” assumes the presupposition that “you have a car”.
6. Factive presupposition: the assumption that information stated after certain words, eg, “know” “regret”, is true. For example, the utterance that “I’m glad that it’s over” assumes the truth that “It’s over”.
7. Lexical presupposition: the assumption that, in using one word, the speaker can act as if another meaning will be understood. For example, each time you say that someone “managed” to do something, the asserted meaning is that the person succeeded in some way.
8. Structural presupposition: the assumption that part of a structure contained information being treated as already known. For example, the wh-question construction like “when did he leave?”, is interpreted with the presupposition that the information after the wh-form, “he left”, is already known to be the case.
9. Non-factive presupposition: the assumption that certain information, like that associated with verbs “dream”, “imagine”and “pretend”, is not true. For example, when you say”I dreamed that I was rich”, the presupposition is that what follows the word “dreamed” is not true. That is “I was not rich.”
10. Counter-factive presupposition: the assumption that certain information is the opposite of true. For example, a conditional clause like “If I had a car” presents the truth that I don’t have a car.

版权声明：本站内容均来自互联网，仅供演示用，请勿用于商业和其他非法用途。如果侵犯了您的权益请与我们联系QQ:729038198，我们将在24小时内删除。