翻译理论
07本《翻译理论与实践》考试理论部分复习提纲
⼀、翻译定义：
1. 张培基——翻译是⽤⼀种语⾔把另⼀种语⾔所表达的思维内容准确⽽完整地重新表达出来的语⾔活动。
10. “Translation is the expression in one language of what has been expressed in another language, preserving semantic and stylistic equivalences.” --- Dubois
12. “Translation is a craft consisting in the attempt to replace a written message and/or statement in one language by the same message and/or statement in another language.” --- Peter Newmark
13. Translation or translating is a communicative activity or dynamic process in which the translator makes great effort to thoroughly comprehend a written message or text in the source language and works very hard to achieve an adequate or an almost identical reproduction in the target language version of the written source language message or text.
⼆、翻译标准
1. 翻译的标准概括为⾔简意赅的四个字：“忠实（faithfulness）、通顺（smoothness）”。忠实指的是忠实于原⽂。通顺指的是译⽂的语⾔必须合乎规范、通俗易懂。
2. 严复对翻译曾经提出“信（faithfulness）、达（expressiveness）、雅（elegance）”的标准
3. “泰特勒三原则”：（1）That the Translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work；（2）That the style and manner of writing should be of the same character with that of the original；（3）That the Translation should have all the ease of original composition.”
（1）译作应完全复写出原作的思想；（2）译作的风格和⼿法应和原作属于同⼀性质；（3）译作应具备原作所具有的通顺。”
5. 奈达提出了著名的“动态对等”。他对翻译所下的定义: 所谓翻译, 是在译语中⽤最切近⽽⼜最⾃然的对等语再现源语的信息,⾸先是意义, 其次是⽂体。这⼀定义明确指出翻译的本质和任务是⽤译语再现源语信息, 翻译的⽅法⽤最切近⽽⼜最⾃然的对等语。
7. Vermeer的“⽬的论”：
通常情况下，“⽬的”是指译⽂的交际⽬的。⽬的论认为，翻译过程的发起者（initiator）
决定译⽂的交际⽬的，但当发起者因专业知识不⾜或其他原因对译⽂⽬的不甚明了的时候，译者可以与发起者协商，从特殊的翻译情况中得出译⽂⽬的。⽬的性原则要求译者在整个翻译过程中的参照系不应是对等翻译理论所强调的原⽂和功能，⽽应是译⽂在译语⽂化环境中所要达到的⼀种或⼏种交际功能，即应以实现译⽂在译语⽂化中的预期功能为⾸要原则。
郭沫若：好的翻译等于创作
三、翻译过程
4.从翻译的题材来看明，翻译可分为专业性翻译（翻译法律、科技⽂献、专业学术论著等）、⽂学翻译（翻译⼩说、诗歌、戏剧等⽂学作品）和⼀般性翻译（翻译各种应⽤⽂和新闻报道等）。
5. 从翻译⽅式上来看，翻译可分为全译、摘译和编译。
五、中西语⾔差异：形合（hypotaxis）与意合（parataxis）
“形合”和“意合”是已故语⾔学家王⼒先⽣所译。形合指句⼦内部的连接或
树枝流⽔
六、中国翻译简史
1. 古代佛经翻译的三个阶段
2. 中国近现代翻译
民末清初的科技翻译
明徐光启和意⼤利⼈利马杜合作，翻译了欧⼏⾥德的《⼏何原本》、《测量法义》等书。鸦⽚战争⾄甲午战争前
著名的禁烟英雄林则徐决⼼“师夷之长技以制夷”，开始“⽇⽇使⼈刺探西事，翻译西书”，被誉为“组织翻译活动的先驱”。语⾔学家马建忠在其《拟设翻译书院议》⼀⽂中留下了⼀些有关翻译的论述。他提甲午战争后
最著名的翻译家当⾸推严复。严复所译作品多系西⽅政治经济学说，如赫胥黎的《天演论》(Evolution and Ethics and Other Essays)，亚当?斯密的《原富》(An Inquiry Into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth ofNations)，斯宾塞尔的《⼰权界论》(On Liberty)、甄克斯的《社会通诠》(TheStudy of Politics)等、并提出简洁凝练的翻译标准“信、达、雅”(faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance) 。清林纾和他的合作者以⼝述笔记的⽅式译了⼀百六⼗多部⽂学作品，其中最著名的有《⿊奴吁天记》(Uncle Tom’s Cabin)，《块⾁余⽣记》(David Copperfield)，《王⼦复仇记》(Hamlet)等（现⽤新译名）。
晚清时期
中国译者对国外⽂学名著的翻译也情有独钟，所出版的译作主要有《伊索寓⾔》、《天⽅夜谭》、《鲁宾逊漂流记》、《茶花⼥遗事》、《悲惨世界》、《安娜·卡列妮娜》等等。这⼀时期介绍外国⽂学作品探索⽂学翻译理论的翻译家主要有林纾、周桂笙、徐念慈、伍光建、苏曼殊和王国维等。
“五四”运动以后
中国译坛⼜陆续涌现出⼀⼤批翻译实践和翻译理论⼤家，其中有很多都是著名的⽂学家，如鲁迅、胡适、林语堂、茅盾、郭沫若、瞿秋⽩、朱⽣豪、朱光潜等。
3. 中国当代翻译
到了1990年，刘宓庆的《现代翻译理论》出版，译界公认此书为现代翻译理论体系建⽴的标志，传统译论也就圆满地划上了句号，取⽽代之的是科学的、成体系的现代翻译理论。
七、西⽅翻译简史
1. 古代翻译活动：
西⽅翻译活动可追溯到公元前三世纪。当时有⽂字记载的翻译作品已经问世：七⼗⼆位犹太学者在⾃⼰埃及的亚历⼭⼤城翻译了《圣经?旧约》，即后⼈所称的《七⼗⼦希腊⽂本》；罗马⽂学家安德罗尼科⽤拉丁⽂翻译了《奥德赛》。
⼋、常⽤翻译⽅法、策略与技巧
1. 直译与意译（Literal translation and Free translation）
注：在翻译界通⽤的⽅法是将“直译”与“意译”相互结合。任何⼀篇好的翻译作品，并不是单纯的某⼀种翻译⽅法贯穿始终，⽽是在保持原⽂内容的准确性，不引起歧义的情况下，将这两种翻译⽅法在同⼀翻译作品中并⽤，相得益彰。笔者对翻译界的这种做法完全认同。笔者认为，两种翻译⽅法在任何⼀篇翻译作品中都能并⽤的话，⼀定可以译出⼀部优秀的翻译作品。
2. 归化和异化（domestication and foreignization）
归化（domestication）是指在翻译中采⽤透明、流畅的风格，最⼤限度地淡化原⽂的陌⽣感的翻译策略它应尽可能的使源语⽂本所反映的世界接近⽬的语⽂化读者的世界，从⽽达到源语⽂化与⽬的语⽂化之间的“⽂化对等”。
异化（foreignization）是指偏离本⼟主流价值观，保留原⽂的语⾔和⽂化差异指在⼀定程度上保留原
⽂的异域性，故意打破⽬标语⾔常规的翻译它主张在译⽂中保留源语⽂化，丰富⽬的语⽂化和⽬的语的语⾔表达⽅式。
⾯试问题收集
1. 从⼤学翻译课程⾥学到了什么?
①国内外的翻译史 the translation theorie at home and abroad
②⼀些知名的翻译派别及其各⾃学说 famous translation methods represented by famous translators
③翻译技巧 translating skills and methods.
2. 知道哪些翻译技巧？
①加注(annotation)：由于英汉⽂化存在许多差异，因此英语中某些⽂化词语在汉语中根本就没有对等词，形成了词义上的空缺。在这种情况下，英译汉时常常要采⽤加注法来弥补空缺。加注通常可以⽤来补充诸如背景材料、词语起源等相关信息，便于读者理解。加注法可
②增词(amplification)：英汉两种语⾔由于表达⽅式不尽相同，翻译时常常有必要在译⽂的词量上作适
当的增加，使译⽂既能忠实地传达原⽂的内容和风格，⼜能符合译⼊语的表达习惯。但是增词必须是根据具体情况增加⾮增加不可的词语。增词⼀般⽤于以下三种情况：⼀是为了语法上的需要；⼆是为了意义上的需要；三是为了修辞上的需要。
③减词(Omission)：减词是指将原⽂中需要、⽽译⽂中⼜不需要的词语省去。减省的词语应是那些在译⽂中保留下来反⽽使⾏⽂累赘噜嗦、且不合汉语语⾔表达习惯的词语。减词⼀般⽤于以下两种情况：⼀是从语法⾓度进⾏减省；⼆是从修饰⾓度进⾏减省。
④转换(conversion)：由于英汉两种语⾔在语法和表达⽅式等⽅⾯存在着许多差异，因此英译汉时常常有必要改变表达⽅式，使译⽂通顺流畅、地道可读。这种变通技巧就是转换法(shift of perspective)。转换的形式多种多样，⼤体可分为7种：词类转换，句⼦成分转换，表达⽅式转换，⾃然语序与倒装语序转换；正⾯表达与反⾯表达转换，主动式与被动式转换，分句转换。
⑤正说反译，反说正译(negation)：
< The question is above me. 这个问题我答不上来。
Transliteration
Literal Translation
Literal translation, or direct translation, is the rendering of text from one language to another word-for-word rather than conveying the sense of the original.the approach of literal translation is a good way to fill the gap without going against its cultural convention, causing unfavorable association, or misunderstanding. This method can retain the national or local flavor to some extent. Free translation
conversion翻译方法的定义
Free translation, also called creative translation, is a supplementary translation method. A free translation is a translation that reproduces the general meaning of the original text. It may or may not closely follow the form or organization of the original. It emphasizes on the functional equivalence of the original text, because in some cases, the original meaning can not be fully conveyed if translated word-by-word.
Combination of transliteration and literal translation attaches more attention to the target language, which makes every effort to associate the source language with the target language and sort out the best association. It not only requires translator’s ful l mastery of both source and target language, but also requires a creative mind. Through applying this method, a good brand name is more likely to achieve.
4. 平时怎样提⾼⾃⼰翻译⽔平：
①去译⾔⽹
②研读名家译⽂one way is to study the translation works by famous translator, but only appreciating other translation work will be far away from being a good translator, we also should take out our pen and try to translate in person as often as possible. And compare the two versions, yours and others, find out the difference and figure out the reason, and give yourself
a neutral evaluation, take notes and make a conclusion.
5. 是否读过翻译⽅⾯原著：
The Theory and Practice of Translating by Eugene Nida
I read part of it, because of read it as a reference when I wrote my thesis paper during last year.
6. 你知道哪些翻译理论或者原则：
Dynamic equivalence (also known as functional equivalence)
Scopostheorie veer mire
Different from other translation theories, Skopotheorie is a subdivision of Function theory, which insists that translation is a target language-oriented activity with intended function. The prime principle determining any translation is the purpose of the overall translational action. And the translator has the right to determine when and how to translate. That is to say, translator should use proper translation methods according to different purposes and has the right to determine what to be remained, or molded.
7. Do you know the difference between dynamic equivalence and functional equivalence? Do you know formal equivalence? Do you have you own translation criteria?
Owning to my translation experience is not enough; I spelled out several rules that I have to obey. Firstly, faithfulness, as a green handed translator, carrying out the original meaning of the speaker is the most fundamental thing that we have to obey, with nothing extra added and nothing removed.
8. 对翻译的理解；translation, in my opinion, is like a matchmaker, an agent that bridge the gap between two different
speakers. Sometimes, it is like a magic, which can remover the misunderstanding of the two speakers by the careful translator. If he have noticed the improperness of the speaker and it’s not the
original intention of the speaker, the translator can modify or make a little fix of the translation so that can achieve a better result.
9. 选择翻译的理由；
实⽤
10. 个⼈素养（包括中英⽂背景知识——读过的⽂学书籍等、翻译理论的了解、翻译过的东西）；
11. 对MTI的理解和读MTI期间的打算；对未来的规划；MTI学习同你的规划之间的关系。学好笔译，同时去听⼝译的课，将来能成为合格的译员或者能够去⾼校任教。
12. 其他的可能因⼈⽽异，⽐如说个⼈经历同翻译的关系等等
个⼈经历越丰富，理解能⼒越强，翻译起来更容易。
1. What do you consider translation to be, art, science or just craft? Please
elaborate on your stand.
Art，需要细细雕琢，特别是笔译
2. What do you think the optimal translation criteria should be? Please make some comments on Yan Fu’s “faithfulness”,“expressiveness” and “elegance”.
3. How do you view the “cultural turn” phenomenon in translation studies nowadays?
4. How do you view the inter-relationship among language, culture and translation? Interdepent and interwoven together. 1. 你知道哪些翻译理论或者原则，围绕原则继续深⼊讨论6. 你知道哪些翻译理论或者原则：
Dynamic equivalence (also known as functional equivalence)
Scopostheorie
Different from other translation theories, Skopotheorie is a subdivision of Function theory, which insists that translation is a target language-oriented activity with intended function. The prime principle determining any translation is the purpose of the overall translational action. And the translator has the right to determine when and how to translate. That is to say, translator should use proper translation methods according to different purposes and has the right to determine what to be remained, or molded.
2. ⽼师问我对于翻译的理解，希望在研究⽣阶段学些什么，看过哪些翻译著作，知道哪个当代的翻译家，Matchmaker, translation skill, 张培基selected modern Chinese essay
还有同学被问到知道报考的学校⾥有些著名的教授和他们的翻译作品（这个最好了解⼀下~~）
3. do you know the difference between dynamic equivalence and functional equivalence? Do you know formal equivalence? Do you have you own translation criteria?
4. What's natural science and social science? In translation, which is more important?
5. 你做翻译的时候遵从什么原则
6. 你认为翻译的Professionalism体现在哪些地⽅？
能尊重speaker，能完整准确表述speaker的意思，不添油加醋，译⽂通顺，⾏⽂符合⽬的与的表达习惯，能与⼤⽂化背景⼀致。
7. 为什么选川⼤你喜欢做⼝译还是笔译⼝译员的top3素质
川⼤综合性强，师资雄厚。
Sichuan University is a research-oriented comprehensive university, with a group of committed and responsible teaching stuff.
8. 谈谈对mti的认识，有没有学第⼆外语
Mti结合时代步伐，最具实⽤性，mti⼈才的培养利于改⾰开放进⼀步的深化，有利于对外贸易的拓展，各国交流的加强，有利于全球化的进程的加快。学了，法语：试讲⼏句，
列举中国⼀些翻译⼤家林纾严复王左良
10. 看过的⼗本书，是⽤英语问的
Gone with the wind, 平凡的世界，
你如果做⼝译的话优势何在
理解能⼒⽐较好，精⼒充沛，记忆⼒好
3. 我⼯作⽅⾯的问题。我之前在培训⼯作做⽼师，就有⽼师问我期间带过什么课。
为什么不当⽼师了要出来考研究⽣？
1.性格不适合，管不下来孩⼦
2.地⽅太偏
3.还想继续学，如果现在不读以后可能就没有机会了
4.很实⽤这个专业
5.如果⼀直呆在那⾥，不知道什么时候才能出来。Yes, I’ve worked as an English teacher in a primary school. I know there are few careers that have such a lasting effect on an entire generation and an entire nation. And I know how rewarding and challenging teaching can be. Every teacher here has many reasons for teaching, but one reason the teacher share is a love for children. Seeing the children’s eye brighten with understanding is an experience that defies description but one that every teacher can understand. Then you may ask me why you choose to further your study and why not stay and regard teaching as your lifelong career. There are several reasons. First of all, the job is quite demanding and gives me a lot of headache. Because he kids are very energetic, when giving lessons, I have to wreck my brain to seek
some ways to discipline them, which complicates my job. Another reason is, in the short term develo
pment, its better to stay there, because it’s a very stable job, lovely, kind-hearted primary school teacher can always win the favors of eligible men. But in the perspective of long term development, I think its better to peruse my study, because I know what I wanted, what I should do. It may should childish and funny, but I don’t want my life is filled with risks and challenge rather than plain ones that the rest years in my life can be seen. So I always told myself, don’t stop battering yourself! My working place is a little bit far away from the city. And I am 23 years old, if I don’t grasp the chance before I get married and have children, my life will be hard to get changed. And I always weigh the two choice and considering which one is more deserving. Although I know it’s hard to choose, but I know better than anyone else the later is more worthwhile. And every decision you made you have to 4. ⼤学期间都学了哪些课程。
Advanced English， interpreting，translation，PE class, e-commerce, French, listening, speaking,writing.
5. 针对我self-introduction的问题。你说你喜欢翻译，那你的这种喜欢是如何表现出来的？
6. 你平时有没有做过⼝笔译⽅⾯的⼯作？在⼯作过程中⽤到了哪些翻译技巧？
笔译，帮同学翻论⽂，技巧：adding，omission，
2011重庆两江论坛重庆圆桌论坛 organized by cq foreign trade and commerce.
1. How do you intepret YanFu's three words of translation?
2. Someone said translator worked as a matchmaker for the speaker and the audience,do you agree?
3. Do you think one should being neutral in translating? Why?
Yes ,I think we should be neutral in translating. Because in many cases, we translators are only acting as a matchmaker or an agent. The only thing we need to do is to set up a platform, over which our clients could exchange ideas, that’s all that we do.
4. LinShu didn't know any foreign languange but he can still be a good translator，
in you opinion,why?

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