第一课时 名词、冠词
1.名词
名词是历年中考的重要考点，常常出现在完形填空、语法填空题型中。名词部分主要考查：
①名词的数(可数与不可数、单数与复数)  ②名词和冠词的搭配
③抽象名词的具体化  ④名词的词性变化⑤名词的词义辨析
考点1
名词的数
1.可数名词的复数
(1)规则变化
情况
方法
例词
一般情况
加－s
students，teachers，
doctors，tables
以s，x，ch，
sh结尾
加－es
glasses，dishes，boxes，watches，但stomach复数形式直接加s，即stomachs
以辅音字母
＋y结尾
变y为i
再加－es
families，babies，
armies，bodies
以元音字母
＋y结尾
加－s
boys，toys
以f或fe
结尾
多变f或fe
为v，再加－es
thieves，wives，knives，shelves，lives
少数加－s
beliefs，proofs，roofs，chiefs
以o结尾
通常加－s
radios，videos，zoos，
tobaccos
有的加－es
heroes，potatoes，tomatoes
【名师指津】
①以－o结尾的下列名词要加－es：“黑人英雄爱吃土豆、西红柿”，即Negroes，heroes, potatoes，tomatoes。
②以－f或－fe结尾的名词需要把f或fe去掉，加－ves：“为了自己活命，小偷和他的妻子手里拿着刀子和树叶站在架子上，把狼劈成两半”，即selves，lives，thieves，wives，knives，leaves，shelves，wolves，halves。
(2)不规则变化
自身变化
的名词
child孩子→children，man男人→men，tooth牙→teeth, foot脚；英尺→ feet，mouse老鼠→mice，phenomenon现象→phenomena，medium传播媒介→media
单复数同
形名词
Chinese中国人；sheep 绵羊；deer鹿；series 系列；means 方式；works 工厂；fish 鱼；fruit 水果等。其中fish，fruit表示种类时，可加复数词尾，即fishes，fruits
合成名词
son－in－law→sons－in－law，passer－by→passers－by, story－teller→story－tellers
Every possible means has been tried, but none has worked.每一种可能的方式都已经被尝试了，但是没有起作用的。
考点2
名词所有格
1.－’s所有格：①and连接的并列名词表示各自的所有关系时，要分别在并列名词后加－’s 或’；表示共同的所有关系时，只在最后一个名词后加－’s或’。 ②表示店铺、办公室或某人的家时，名词所有格后被修饰的名词一般省略。
Tom’s and Jim’s rooms汤姆和吉姆(各自)的房间
Tom and Jim’s room汤姆和吉姆(共同)的房间
at the barber’s在理发店
2．of所有格：无生命的事物的名词通常用of所有格表示所有关系；名词短语或有定语修饰的有生命的名词也常用of所有格。
the content of the novel小说的内容
the name of the girl over there那边那位女孩的名字
3．双重所有格：“名词＋of＋名词所有格”或“名词＋of＋名词性物主代词”。
a play of Shakespeare’s 莎士比亚的一个戏剧
a photo of mine我的一张照片
随堂练习
考点1　名词的辨析
1.(2021福建,23)—Could you tell me the   　of the sweater?
—Yes. It’s ￥125. talented的用法和短语
A.color  　B.price  　C.shape
2.(2020福建,23)—I like   　best.
—So do I. I take singing classes every weekend.
A.music  　B.physics  　C.math
3.(2019福建,24)—What should we do for the camping trip?
—We’d better make a   　of things like food, drinks, medicine and so on.
A.list  　B.card  　C.report
4.(2018福建,31)—I don’t know how to use the App Fun Dubbing.
—Ask Jimmy for help. He has lots of   　in doing it.
A.experience  　B.trouble  　C.courage
5.(2017福建,29)—Nowadays more and more foreigners are becoming interested in Beijing Opera.
—That’s true. It’s an important part of Chinese   　.
A.culture  　B.invention  　C.custom
6.(2021福州一模,21)Be careful of the   　. You may cut yourself.
A.knife  　B.fire  　C.traffic
7.(2021南平一模,24)—Kate, what about going to the   　?
—Sounds fantastic! Listening to music can make merelaxed.
A.cinema  　B.concert  　C.museum
8.(2021龙岩一模,24)—What club would you like to join?
—The   　club. My favorite poet is Du Fu.
A.poem  　B.chess  　C.science
9.(2021莆田一模,23)—The food safety is still a serious   　in the world.
—Luckily, our government is taking measures to solve it.
A.problem  　B.program  　C.project
10.(2021三明一模,86)To make beautiful diaries, many would buy lots of materials like stickers (贴纸) for decoration, but Sun had a different       /aɪˈdɪə/.
11.(2021泉州一模,87)A crane is a large       /bɜːd/ with long legs and a long neck.
12.(2019福建,81)Before paper was invented, people wrote or drew on materials such as bamboo,       /sɪlk/, animal hide, and wooden blocks.
13.(2018福建,87)Lonnie got the idea for this       /tɔɪ/ while working on another invention.
14.(2017福建,86)They hold many kinds of activities in honor of old people, wishing them good       /helth/ and a long life.
考点2　名词的数和格
1.(2021福建,83)It’s practiced by over 100 million people in more than 150       (country).
2.(2020福建,89)For centuries, much land has been devoted(奉献) to rice-planting and many Chinese people are       (farmer), who work very hard for each grain.
3.(2019福建,85)Cai Lun began experimenting(试验) with many different materials and different       (method) to turn those materials into paper.
4.(2018福建,82)Other times he made new things from different       (part).
5.(2017福建,85)They hold many       (kind) of activities in honor of old people, wishing them good health and a long life.
6.(2021厦门一模,86)Most ancient Chinese paintings are about       (flower), birds, humans and nature, but Han’s painting of Five Oxen is an exception(例外).
7.(2021龙岩一模,85)In the 70-sq-km Wuyi Mountain, tourists can enjoy many special and unique natural features, like fantastic mountains, winding rivers, deep caves, strange       (stone) and so on.
8.(2021南平一模,89)Since the work started, Fujian has sent 183       (official) and around 2,000 experts in science and technology, education, and medical care to Ningxia.
9.(2021漳州一模,87)Latisha Hodge often brings two of her kids to read to the horses. Their       (name) are Abel and Sevyn.

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