1
什么是权利差距（power distance）
Power distance is the extent to which the lower ranking individuals of a society "accept and expect that power is distributed unequally". 
（一个社会中，较低等级的个人“接受并预料到权利的分配是不平等的”）
权力差距高的社会：
People in societies with a high power distance are more likely to conform to a hierarchy where "everybody has a place and which needs no further justification（辩解/理由）".
权力差距低的社会：
In societies with a low power distance, individuals tend to try to distribute power equally. In such societies, inequalities of power among people would require additional justification.
权力距离指数：
polarised
Power Distance Index (PDI)
The Power Distance Index is designed to measure 'the extent to which power differs within the society, organization and institutions are accepted by the less powerful members'.
（用来衡量社会承认机构和组织内权力分配不平等的一种文化尺度）
各国权利差距指数对比图：
2
权力距离对社会的影响：
人际关系：
低权力距离社会中的人通常会超越社会地位发展友谊以及恋爱关系。但相反地，在高权力距离社会里面，人们更倾向于在同等的社会地位下寻友谊以及恋爱关系，讲求“门当户对”。 
对权威的看法：
高权力距离的社会强调对权威的服从和尊敬。人们从小被教育要无条件地听从父母和老师的话。相反，低权力距离社会中的孩子从小就被教育要勇于挑战权威，那是他们的权利，甚至是义务。在这种文化中，向父母和老师反问“为什么”一点也不出奇。 
主雇关系：
低权力距离社会里的员工更加看重自由的权利，同时他们希望得到更多决策的机会，尤其
是对那些关系到他们自身工作的事情。这些员工可能会通过工会或者员工满意度调查来反映自己的意见，但是在高权力距离社会里面，员工往往已经习惯于工作的现状而很少提出意见。相反，他们希望上司能够直接下达命令，那么他们只要按照命令去做就可以了。
In organisations with high power distance, employees acknowledge their lesser standing, and are respectful and submissive towards their superiors; who in turn, are more likely to give orders rather than consult with their employees while making decisions.
Employers or managers would not have meals together with their subordinates, and might have private facilities such as rooms, parking lots, and elevators.
The higher-ranking members of the organization are often paid much more than their employees in comparison with companies with lower power distance.
In high power distance regions, people in the higher positions hold great amounts of power with little challenge. The hierarchy and authority empower employers and supervisors with more rights of resource allocation, rewards and punishment, which in tur
n reinforce their status, as well as enable them to lead and guide their subordinates autocratically.
3 影响权力距离的相关因素：
Linked factors
Paternalism[家长式作风]
Paternalism, which is the extent to which the responsibilities of the family are pushed on to society, including the protection of the less fortunate from being exploited by the privileged, has also been widely considered to be closely linked to power distance. In societies with low levels of paternalism, parents will have a reduced role in looking after their children as the latter mature into adults, and they are expected to distance themselves from their families and become independent.
On the other hand, in paternalistic societies, multiple generations might live together in the same home. It has been argued that societies with high power distance encourages p
eople to abide by paternalism, and individuals are more likely to turn to their superiors or authority figures in times of need. Therefore, Western cultures and countries with low levels of paternalism tend to also have low power distance levels, and Eastern cultures and countries (including Russia) with high levels of paternalism, tend to have high power distance levels.[40]
Climate[气候]
It has been hypothesized that there is a link between climate and power distance, with societies in warmer climates more likely to have a higher power distance than societies in colder climates. As food and other necessities are relatively easier to come by in warm, comfortable climates, survival is not as difficult, and thus there is no need for rigorous discipline, preparation, or hardship. It has been argued that these conditions would give rise to a situation whereby it is beneficial for strict organisation and direction to come from superiors in order to propel people to cooperate effectively, even if it goes against the will of some people.[20]
On the other hand, in colder, harsher climates, it is imperative for individuals to have discipline and prudence to work hard and make the right decisions in order to survive. In these societies, if one were to be lazy and rest for a day instead of searching for food, they might not be able to survive. Therefore, self-discipline and restraint is paramount in these climates. With these qualities ingrained in the people, social order does not need to be enforced externally.[20]
Democracy[民主]
It has been asserted that democratic governments occur most commonly among low power distance societies, where it is not ingrained into the minds of the people since young age that there are unquestionable hierarchies in life that should not be disputed. It has been found that the 'ideological breach between labour and conservatives' is exceedingly polarised in high power distance socieites, while in low power distance cultures, people would tend to try to attain balance between the two extremes in order to avoid damaging and draining conflicts. This is why unions in high power distance cultures
are usually formed by corporations or governments, while those in lower power distance societies are usually less 'ideological' and more 'practical'.[20]

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