翻译研究词典
1. Absolute Translation 绝对翻译
按照古阿德克的解释，指专业译员为应付不同翻译要求而采用的七种翻译类型之一。在绝对翻译中，整个源文本被转换成目标语，对原文内容和形式都不加以改动。
According to Gouadec, one of seven types of translation which can be used by professional translators to respond to the various translation requirements which can arise during the course of their work. In absolute translation, the whole of ST is transferred into TL, with no alteration to the content or the form of the original document.
2. Abstract Translation 摘要翻译
古阿德克提出的用以应付不同翻译要求的七种翻译策略之一。摘要翻译是将源文本的全部信息扼要译出，目的是让客户“迅速得到特定类型的信息”。其方法有多种：第一种是翻译源文本的一般主题思想；第二种是概述源文本的主要内容、文本主旨及次要内容；第三种是节录源文本中一切有用的内容。
According to Gouadec, one of seven strategies proposed by Gouadec to fulfill the various translation needs which arise in a professional environment. In abstract translation, a condensed translation of all the information in ST is made in order to give the client "rapid access to specific types of information". This may be done in various ways. Firstly, the generic themes of the text may be translated; secondly, a description may be given of the generic content and the objectives of the text and its sub-units; thirdly, an abridged translation of all the useful content of the text may be supplied.
3. Abusive Translation 滥译
路易斯用来表示文学翻译中极端做法的一个术语。他把滥译界定为“强势的、有力的翻译，它重视尝试使用新的语言表达，对语言习惯进行改变，用符合译文自身特征的文字去对应原文的多重或多元表达手段”。
A term used by Lewis to refer to a radical alternative approach to literary translation. He defines abusive translation as "strong, forceful translation that values experimentation, tampers with usage, seeks to match the polyvalencies or plurivocities or expressive stres
ses of the original by producing its own".
4. Acceptivity 可接受[性]
    图里采用的术语，用来指可以从翻译作品中观察到的两种倾向之一。其要求是符合用目标语撰写、“读起来像原创”要求，而不是符合“读起来像原文”，因而译文也就会更有自然“感”。
A term used by Toury to denote one of two tendencies which can be observed in translated texts. Translations which lean towards acceptability can be thought of as fulfilling the requirement of "reading as an original" written in TL rather than that of "reading as the original" and consequently generally have a more natural "feel".
5. Accuracy 准确
翻译评估中用来表示译文与原文相符程度的术语。通常指源文本的信息内容在目标文本中的保留程度。所谓翻译精准，一般即字面而非自由翻译。
A term used in translation evaluation to refer to the extent to which a translation matches its original. It usually refers to preservation of the information content of ST in TT. with an accurate translation being generally LITERAL rather than FREE.
6. Action, Translatorial 译者行动
见Translation Action [翻译行动]。
7. Adaptation 改编
1传统上用来指采用特别自由的翻译策略而作出任何目标文本的术语。通常意味着对文本作相当大的改动，以更适合特定读者或特定翻译目的。
2 维纳与达尔贝勒纳用来表达七种翻译程序之一的术语。改编是一种曲径翻译，意指翻译时不依赖源语与目标语之间存在的结构与概念上对应的形式，是一种策略。
1 A term traditionally used to refer to any TT in which a particularly FREE translation strategy has been adopted. The term usually implies that considerable changes have bee
n made in order to make the text more suitable for a specific audience or for the particular purpose behind the translation. 
2 A term used by Vinay & Darbelnet to refer to one of seven translation procedures. Adaptation is described as a type of OBLIQUE translation, which means that it doesn't rely on the existence of structural and conceptual parallels between SL and TL. It is a strategy.
8. Adequacy 充分[性]
1 某些译评者讨论源文本与目标文本关系属性时所用的术语。有时被用作相关术语对等的同义词，有时为对等的替代词，有时则表示与对等的意义不同。
2 按照图里（Toury）的解释，指翻译过程中与规范相关的连续体的两极之一。如果译者自始至终都遵循源语、而不是目标语的语言与文学规范来翻译，那么所作出的译文就是充分的译文。
1 A term used by some commentators on translation to discuss the nature of the relations
hip between ST and TT. It is used sometimes synonymously with, sometimes instead of, and sometimes in contrast with the related term EQUIVALENCE. 
2 According to Toury, one of the two poles of the continuum which relates to the NORMS used in the translation process. A translation is termed adequate if the translator seeks throughout to follow source rather than target linguistic and literary norms.
9. Adjustment 调整
在线翻译英文翻译
按照奈达的解释，指《圣经》翻译中使用的一套技巧，旨在于目标语中“产生正确的对等形式”，以帮助译文达至动态对等。调整技巧包括材料的增加或减少、改变、增加注脚以及作出语言上的调整，以适应目标读者的经验。
According to Nida, a set of techniques used in Bible translation which are designed to "produce correct equivalents" in TL and thus help a translation achieve DYNAMIC EQUIVALENCE. Techniques used in adjustment include addition or subtraction of material, alteration, inclusion of footnotes and modification of the language to fit the experience of the target audience.
10. Aesthetic-Poetic Translation 美学诗体翻译
按照卡塞格兰德的解释，是四种翻译类型之一，指诗歌文本的翻译，翻译时必须尽可能保留原作品的表达手法及风格特。对译者要求很高。
According to Casagrande, one of four types of translation, which refers to the translation of poetic texts, where it is necessary to retain the expressive and stylistic features of the author's work to as large an extent as possible. This type of translation places heavy demands on the translator.

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