unit 27 Developments of Photogrammetry 摄影测量的发展
Photogrammetry can be defined as the art, science, and technology of obtaining reliable information about physical objects and the environment by recording，measuring and interpreting photographic images (American Society for  Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing 1987).（摄影测量可以定义为通过记录、量测和解读相片来获取关于物理实体及环境的可靠信息的科学和技艺。）
  Photogrammetry is the technique of measuring objects (2D or 3D) from photographs, but it may be also imagery stored electronically on tape or disk taken by video or CCD cameras or radiation sensors such as scanners.（摄影测量是在相片上量测物体（二维或三维），但也可能是通过电子手段【electronically】存储在磁带上或摄像机、CCD相机或像扫描仪一样的辐射传感器自带的盘上的图像。）
The most important feature of photogrammetry is that the objects are measured without being touched.（摄影测量最重要的特征是物体不经过接触就可量测。）
  Although the term Photogrammetry can apply to measurements from ground photographs, modern photogrammetric techniques are most often applied to aerial and satellite images.（尽管摄影测量这个词能应用于对地面相片的量测，现代摄影测量技术更常常用于航空和卫星图像。） 
Historically, the traditional, and largest application of Photogrammetry is to extract topographic information (e.g., topographic maps) from the aerial images, to support civil engineering projects.（历史上，摄影测量传统的最常见的应用是从航空影像中提取地形信息（例如地形图），以提供对土木工程项目的支撑。）
Today, with advancements in computer technology, information can be gathered，assembled, sorted, and reported in expanded ways.（如今，随着计算机技术的进步【advancement】，信息可以以更多的方式被收集、整合、存储和生成报告。）
These developments have thrust photogrammetry from a limited support service role to the forefront of digital interactive information gathering.（这些发展已经推动了摄影测量从有限的支撑服务角向数字交互式信息收集的最前沿转变。）
One of the most common uses of photogrammetry is the analysis of aerial  photography to extract ground elevations for the production of topographic maps.（摄影测量的一个最常见的应用是分析航空相片提取地面高程来生成地形图。）
However, the field also includes the production of digital orthophotographs and digital terrain models.（然而，这个领域也包括了生成数字正射影像以及数字地面模型。）
Principally, photogrammetry can be divided into aerial photogrammetry and terrestrial photogrammetry or close-range photogrammetry.（摄影测量主要可以分为航空摄影测量和地面摄影测量或近景摄影测量。） 
Aerial photogrammetry uses special metric cameras to take photographs of ground from the aeroplane which flies over a certain area.（航空摄影测量使用特殊的量测相机【metric camera】从在一定区域内航行的飞机上拍摄地面。） 
absolute relative
Then the overlapping part of each stereopair can be viewed in 3D and consequently mapped in 3D.（然后每一个立体像对的重叠部分可以以三维的形式显示和绘制。）
The most common utilization of aerial photogrammetry is in the production of base maps.（航空摄影测量的最常见的应用是生成基础底图。） 
Mapping generated using aerial photogrammetry provides a cost-effective method of establishing an accurate digital base for such things as urban planning, terrain analysis and forest management.（使用航空摄影测量进行制图提供了一种为诸如城市规划、地形分析、森林管理等建立准确的数字基础的性价比高【cost-effective】的方法。）
Aerial photogrammetry can also be used for landfill or gravel pit monitoring, determining the location of ore bodies or determining proposed locations for utilities, such as pipelines and transmission lines.（航空摄影测量还能用于垃圾掩埋或采砾坑监测，确定矿体的位置或例如管线和传输线等设施的建议位置。） 
Terrestrial photogrammetry or close-range photogrammetry, which generally refers to a camera-to-object distance less than 100 meters, is to obtain stereo photo pairs of an area to be mapped by photographing with a camera located on the ground and then engage in measurement or contour delineation with a stereoplotting instr
ument.（地面摄影测量或近景摄影测量，涉及到的相机到物体的距离一般小于100米，其目的是为了通过架设在地面的相机拍摄获得待测区域的立体像对，然后使用立体绘图仪测绘等高线。） 
Many uses for terrestrial or close-range photogrammetry include digital modeling for architectural restoration, medical imaging for forensic sciences and reconstructive surgery, data collection for structural stability studies of bridges and hydroelectric dams, and the documentation of traffic accidents and crime scenes by police  departments.（地面摄影测量或近景摄影测量的应用包括建筑物重建【architecture restoration】数字建模，司法科学【forensic science】和重建外科【reconstructive surgery】的医学制图，桥梁和水力发电大坝【hydroelectric dam】的结构稳定性研究的数据收集，以及警察部门对交通事故和犯罪现场【crime scene】的记录。）
  Developments of Photogrammetry（摄影测量的发展） 
Photogrammetry was invented in 1851 by Laussedat, and has continued to develop over the last 150 years.（摄影测量由Laussedat于1851年发明，在过去的150年中得到了持续的
发展。）
Over time, the development of Photogrammetry has passed through the phases of, analogue photogrammetry, analytical photogrammetry, and has now entered the phase of digital photogrammetry.（在过去的时间中，摄影测量的发展经过了模拟摄影测量和解析摄影测量的阶段，现在已经进入了数字摄影测量的阶段。）
Three key phases of its developments are mentioned here as follows.（摄影测量的发展的三个关键阶段如下所述） 
Analogue photogrammetry（模拟摄影测量）: It is to obtain a terrain model by simulating with two projectors the intersection of homologous rays from two cameras during exposure.  Mechanical or optical principles are utilized for the solution of the relationship between the coordinates of an image point and the coordinates of an object, which is usually accomplished by space rods or optical projection, or both.（模拟摄影测量通过使用两个投影仪模拟两台相机在曝光时同名射线的交会来获取地面模型。利用机械或光学原理来解决像点坐标和物点坐标之间的关系，这
一过程是通过空间导杆【space rod】或光学投影，或二者同时完成的。） 

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