跨文化交际期末考试复习题
Define the following items:
1.intercultural communication: is simply defined as interpersonal communication between people from different cultural background.
2.interethnic communication: refers to communication between people of the same race but different ethnic backgrounds.
3.verbal communication：communication done both orally and in written language.
4.nonverbal communication: involves all nonverbal stimuli in a communication setting that is generated by both the source and his or her use of the environment and that has potential message value for the source or receiver.
4. Monochronic time一元时间观念: means paying attention to and doing only one thing at a time.
5. Polychronic time多元时间观念: means being involved with many things at once.
6. ethnocentrism ：the view of things in which one’s own group is the center of everything, and all others are scaled and rated with reference to it.
7. stereotypes：refers to negative or positive judgment made about individuals based on any observable or believed group membership.针对目标体成员所特有的正面或方面的判断。
8. encoding is the act of putting an idea or thought into a code..
编码：是指将思想转换成代码的行为过程。
9.Culture identity : refers to one’s sense of belonging to a particular culture or ethnic group. 
文化身份：指有意识地把自己归为某一特定文化或种族体。
10.Subculture are formed by groups of people possessing characteristic traits that set ap
art and distinguish them from others within a larger society or dominant culture. 
亚文化:具有能在更大的一个社会范围内或主流文化中使自己有别于他人的特点的人类体所形成的文化。
11.Culture shock文化震惊: is a feeling of frustration, uneasiness, or uncertainty that many people experience in unknown settings.
12.Taboo禁忌语：refers to some objects, words or actions that are avoided by a particular group of people, or in certain culture for religious or social reasons. 在特定文化中出于宗教或社会原因被一特定体所避免使用的一些词语或行为。
13.Paralanguage副语言： refers to the rate , pitch and volume qualities of the voice,which interrupt or temporarily take the place of speech and affect the meaning of a message是与口语交际有关，指说的速度，音高，和质量，这些要素会打断或临时取代语言并影响信息的语意表达. 
14munication noise干扰
Any factor that hinders or distorts the reception of the message
15.Decoding解码
The interpretative process of assigning meaning to a message.
16.Denotation：is the conceptual meaning of the word that designates or describes things, events or processes,etc.
17.Connotation：refers to the emotional or stylistic associations that a word or phrase suggests in one’s mind.
reference group
18.space bubble
When people are having conversation with someone else, they generally like to have a little bubble of space all around them. This little bubble of space extends one or two or even three feet all around our bodies. We tend to view this as our personal space,even if we never think about it.
19.reverse culture shock: is the name people give to that feeling of not fitting into your home country,and you are especially at risk of it if you return home after living abroad for an extended time.
Answer the following questions:
(1).What is the difference between individualism and collectivism?
An individualism culture is one in which people tend to view themselves as individuals and to emphasize the needs of individuals. It is regarded as a threat to the group and will result in punishment by the group in some country like Japan.
A collectivism culture is one in which people tend to view themselves as members of groups (families, work units,tribes, nations) and usually consider the needs of individuals. It values the group above the individual,and individuals have a responsibility to the group that supersedes individual needs or rights.

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