by的用法点拨
    一、作介词
  1. 表示位置,相当于besides, near, about, around等,意为“在……旁边;靠近”。例如:
  Tommy, come in and sit by me.
  汤米,过来坐在我身旁。
  The house stands by the side of the river.
  房子坐落在河边。
  2. 表示时间,相当于nolaterthen,意为“到……时候;不迟于”。例如:
  You must finish your homework by 5 pm.
  你必须在下午五点之前完成你的家庭作业。
  By the end of the match, they had kicked two goals.
  到比赛结束为止,他们已经踢进了两个球。
  3. 表示方法、手段,可译为“用;凭借;通过;乘坐”等。例如:
  I study English by reading English newspapers and magazines.
  我通过阅读英文报刊学习英语。
  The hospital is far from here. Why not go there by taxi?
  医院离这里很远,为什么不坐出租车去呢?
  注意by, with和in的区别:
  by指乘交通工具等,后面常接表示交通工具的单数名词,这一单数名词前不加冠词。例如:
  Mr and Mrs Green left here for London by plane yesterday.
  格林夫妇昨天乘飞机离开这里去伦敦了。
  with表示某人做某事时所用的具体的工具或手段等。例如:
  We see with our eyes, and hear with our ears.
  我们用眼睛看,用耳朵听。
  in表示用语言或笔等,名词前不加冠词,通常强调结果。例如:
  Was the letter written in pen, wasn’t it?
  这封信是用钢笔写的,对吗?
nearby
  4. 表示标准或尺度,意为“按照;根据”。例如:
  What’s the time by your watch?
  你的表显示现在几点了?
  In the market, vegetables are sold by kilogram.
  在市场上,蔬菜是以千克为单位出售的。
  5. 表示身体或物体的某个部位,常与seize, take, hold, pull等动词连用,意为“用;依靠”。例如:
  Do you know why Bob held the man by the collar?
  你知道鲍勃为什么抓住那个男人的衣领吗?
  She pulled me by the sleeve.
  她拉着我的袖子。
  6. 表示行为的主体,常用于被动语态,意为“被……;由……”。例如:
  The bike was found by a boy last time.
  上次,这辆自行车是被一个男孩到的。
  These bridges must be built by those workers.
  这些桥一定是由那些工人建造的。
  二、作副词
  1. 表示移动的方向,意为“经过;沿着”。例如:
  We went by the post office when we went to his house.
  我们去他家时路过邮局。
  She walked by me without speaking.
  她一声不吭地从我身旁走过。
  2. 表示位置,相当于near, nearby, around等,意为“在附近”。例如:
  I found a lot of people stand by, watching what was happening.
  我发现许多人站在附近,观看发生了什么。
  3. 表示“(时间的)过去”。例如:
  Time went by so slowly after she had gone away.
  自从她离开之后,时间过得好慢。
  Now that the winter was by, there was no more danger of snow.
  现在冬天过去了,再也没有下雪的危险了。
  三、用于某些固定短语
  1. 用作插入语。by the way意为“顺便问一下”。例如:
  By the way,where does John come from? 顺便问一句,约翰是哪里人?
  2. 与反身代词连用。by oneself意为“单独;独自”。例如:
  Nobody taught her. She learnt all by herself.
  没有人教她,她完全靠自学的。
  3. 与far连用。by far意为“……得多;尤其;更;最”,修饰比较级和最高级,起加强语气的作用。例如:
  I think this book is by far the most interesting of all.
  我觉得这本书是所有的书中最有趣的。
  4. 用于重叠词。by and by意为“不久以后;一会儿”,one by one意为“一个接一个”,little by little意为“一点儿一点儿地”,step by step意为“一步一步地”,day by day意为“日复一日地”。这些短语在句中常作状语。例如:
  By and by, we knew each other and made friends each other.
  不久以后,我们彼此认识并且成了朋友。
  The people came into the cinema one by one.
  人们一个接一个地走进电影院。
  After sunset, it gets dark little by little.
  在太阳下山后,天逐渐地变暗。
  You can experience its beauty and greatness, although it is very tiring to climb it step by step.
  尽管一步一步地攀登(长城)很累人,但你能领略到它的美丽和壮观。
  Day by day he seems to grow a little stronger.
  他似乎一天天地强壮起来。
  5. 与mistake连用。by mistake意为“犯错;弄错”。例如:
  The boss sent him away by mistake.
  由于犯错误,老板把他开除了。
  4. 与chance / accident连用。by chance / accident意为“偶然地”。例如:
  We met by chance / accident on the street yesterday.
  我们昨天在街上偶然相遇了。

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