Rhetorical options
1、What is rhetoric  Definitions of rhetoric
the art or science of communication in words; this art or science practiced or taught as a formal discipline, esp. the doctrine formulated by Aristotle and taught throughout the Middle ages; overornate or ostentatious language. Longman Modern English Dictionary
2、What’s the purpose of rhetoric 两种说法
The prevailing view about the purpose of rhetoric is to express oneself well and to communicate effectively in order to secure a desired result by employing rhetorical means efficiently.
“to enlighten the understanding , to please the imagination, to move the passion ,or to influence the will.” “促进理解、引起想象、调动感情、或者说影响人们的意志” 18世纪苏格兰修辞学家George Campbell
3、What is discussed in rhetoric contents of rhetorical
Rhetoric is composed of theoretical rhetoric and practical rhetoric. Theoretical rhetoric deals with the theoretical problem of rhetoric, while practical rhetoric helps us improve our ability to use the English language effectively.
rhetoric covers all the elements of oral and written things, including structure, diction. Rhythm, tone, style, and anything related to the effective use of language.
4、The Highest Principles of Rhetoric
the highest principle of rhetoric is to adapt to specific situation, that is, “adaptability” or “appropriateness”.
Sentencesyntactic device
1、What is sentence
A sentence is a group of words which expresses a complete thought. Generally, an effective sentence must possess five essential qualities: correctness, clearness, unity, coherence and emphasis.正确、清楚、统一、连贯、强调
2、句子的组成
A sentence must contain a subject and a verb although one may be implied.
words
correct grammar
meaning
include和contain
3、句子的分类
Sentences may be classified according to Grammar or Rhetoric as to meaning and as to form:
Grammatical Classification of Sentences
I. As to meaning:                            II.  As to Form:
    1. Declarative Sentence                  1. Simple Sentence
    2. Interrogative Sentence                2. Compound Sentence并列
    3. Imperative Sentence                  3. Complex Sentence 复合
    4. Exclamatory Sentence                4. Compound –Complex Sentence
Rhetorical Classification of Sentences
III. As to Arrangement
  1. Periodic Sentence 圆周句left-branching sentence           
  2. Loose Sentence松散句right-branching sentence
  3. Balanced Sentence
4、The short and long sentence
Short sentences, on the whole, are characterized by their brevity, quick tempo and force. The short sentence is relatively simple in form, clear in grammatical relation, and terse and forceful in style.
Long sentence is relatively complex in form, fully expressive in capacity, and often used in formal style to show one’s complicated mentality or various kinds of relationship of different things.
5、the simple,compound and complex sentence
A Simple sentence has only one clause to make a statement, and so it is good for directness and clearness.
The Compound Sentence consists of two or more independent clauses which are of equal status, that is, the clauses are paratactic parallel; coordinate in relationship.
The complex sentence makes clear the logical relationship between events or ideas through subordination. Subordinate clauses are named according to their functions.
                              Left-branching sentenceperiodic sentence：
6、the branching sentences
                              Right-branching sentenceloose sentence：
Left-branching sentenceperiodic sentence：the periodic sentence has its main idea at the end of the sentence.supportive or qualifying information are placed before the main clause or assertion.
Right-branching sentenceloose sentence：in a loose sentence, the main idea is put at the beginning of the sentence,and supportive or qualifying information comes from it.
7、Balanced sentence：When a sentence contains tow parallel clauses similar in structure but contrasted in meaning,it is balanced sentence.The main ideas are often presented in parallel phrases or clauses.
Parallelism排比：the main function of parallelism is to add clarity and coherence to what one wishes to communicate;
Antithesis对比：antithesis is the deliberate arrangement of contrasting words or ideas in balanced structural forms to achieve force and emphasis;
Chiasmus回文 and antimetabole交叉：chiasmus is a device that consists of two balanced statements, the second of which reverses the order of the words in the first,with or without a repetition of words;

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