第四节形容词和副词
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、形容词和副词的基本用法
(一)形容词的基本用法
功能 | 例句 | |
定语 | 前置 定语 | These are valuable suggesti ons.这些是宝贵的建议。 |
后置 定语 | He is the happiest person alive .他是世上最快乐的人。 (表语形容词作后置 定语) Do you have anything important to tell me? 你有重要的事情要告诉我吗? (形容词修饰复合不定代词,作后置定语 ) This is a book suitable for children.这是一本适合孩子的书。 (形容词短语 作后置定语) | |
表语 | His suggesti ons are very valuable .他的建议很有价值。 | |
宾语补足语 | 1 con sider his suggestion very valuable.我认为他的建议很有价值。 (形容 词作宾语补足语) | |
状语 | He returned home, safe and sound他回到了豕,安然无恙。 (结果状语) He is standing there , full of fear .他站在那里,充满了恐惧。 (伴随状语) | |
(二)副词的基本用法
1.副词的句法功能
功能 | 例句 |
状语 | 修饰 动词 | He studies hard .他学习努力。 (hard 修饰动词 studies) |
修饰形 容词 | He is very smart.他很聪明。(very修饰形容词 smart) | |
状语 | 修饰 副词 | He does very well in English.他擅长央文。 (very修饰副词 well) |
修饰 句子 | Happily for him , his stepmother was kind to him.使他咼兴的是,他 的继母对他很好。(happily)修饰整个句子 | |
2.频度副词及enough作状语的位置
位置 | 例句 |
频度副词常放在be动词、 助动词、情态动词之后, 行为动词之前 | I have never see n him before .我以前从未见过他。 (n ever放在助动 词have之后) He usually reads books 他经常读书。 (usually放在行为动词 reads之前) |
en ough放在所修饰的形容 词或副词的后面 | He isn't old enough to join the army.他还不到参军的年龄。 (enough修饰形容词old,放在old之后) |
[典例]1.(2018 全国卷 I )Running is cheap , easy and it's always (energy).
解析 考查词性转换之名词变形容词。连系动词 is后接形容词作表语,故填 energy的
形容词形式energetic。
答案 en ergetic
2.(2018 全国卷 I )I felt happily that their life had improved.
解析词法错误。feel此处是连系动词,后接形容词作表语。
答案 happily 宀 happy
二、形容词、畐恫的比较级和最高级
(一 )形容词和副词的比较级和最高级的构成规则
1.规则变化
构成 | 例词 | ||
原级 | 比较级 | 最咼级 | |
单音节的词一般情况下直接加 er或 est | small | smaller | smallest |
great | greater | greatest | |
hard | harder | hardest | |
以e结尾的单音节词和少数以 ble结 尾的双音节词加r或st | nice | nicer | nicest |
cute | cuter | cutest | |
able | abler | ablest | |
以一个辅音字母结尾,且前面只有一 | fat | fatter | fattest |
个兀音的词,双写辅音字母后再加 er | thi n | thi nner | thinn est |
或est | hot | hotter | hottest |
以“辅音字母+ y ”结尾的词,先把y | easy | easier | easiest |
变为i再加er或est | happy | happier | happiest |
early | earlier | earliest | |
少数以er, ow结尾的双音节词,力口 | clever | cleverer | cleverest |
er 或 est | n arrow | n arrower | n arrowest |
careful | more careful | most careful | |
其他双音节和多音节的形容词或副 | popular | more | most |
词一般在刖面加 more或 most | popular | popular | |
efficie ntly | more efficie ntly | most efficie ntly | |
2.不规则变化
原级 | 比较级 | 最咼级 |
good, well | better | best |
bad, ill | worse | worst |
many, much | more | most |
little | less | least |
far | farther/further | farthest/furthest |
old | older/elder | oldest/eldest |
(二)形容词、副词比较级的用法
1.原级比较
⑴"as+形容词/副词原级+ as与“no扑as/so+形容词/副词原级+ as'表示同级比较, 即两个或两部分人或物在性质上或程度上相同 /不同。
1Actually, Jack is as old as Jim.
事实上,杰克和吉姆(年龄)一样大。
2He doesn't run so/as fast as his youn ger brother.
他没有他弟弟跑得快。
(2)当as...as结构中有名词时,可用以下结构:
as+形容词原级+ a(n片可数名词单数+ as
Jas+ many +可数名词复数+ as
qs+ much +不可数名词+ as
1Today is as busy a day as yesterday.
今天跟昨天一样忙。
2Henry does n ot have so/as many books asI have.
亨利的书没有我的书多。
(3)"as+形容词原级+ as+具体数字”表示“高/深/多 达
1The temperature here is as high as 39C .
这里的气温高达 39 摄氏度。
2The building is as tall as 100 meters. 这座楼高达 100 米。
2.比较级比较
(1)比较级+ “比 更”;han "不如 ”。
Seeking information on the Internet is more convenient than searching in a library. 在网上 搜寻信息要比在图书馆里方便。
(2)比较级的修饰语常见的有:rather,much,still,even, far,any(用于否定句或疑问句), a lot, a little , a great deal, by far, a bit 等。
—
The film is , I have to say, not a bit interesting.
—Why?It's far more interesting than the films I have ever seen.
—— 我不得不说这部电影真的没意思。
—— 为什么?它比我看过的所有电影都有意思。
(3)the +比较级,the +比较级"越 ,越 ”。
The earlier the treatment is given , the better the patie nt's cha nces病人越早接受,康 复的可能性就越大。
⑷the +比较级+ of(the) +名词/代词"(两者中)较 的”。
Of the two cameras, I would prefer the smaller one, which is very easy for me to carry. 这两个照相机,我喜欢较小的一个,它容易携带。
(三)形容词、副词的最高级的用法 1.三者或三者以上的比较用最高级。表示范围的标志词有 in, of, among 等
Raymond's parents wanted him to have the best possible education of all his brothers. 在他所有的兄弟中雷蒙德的父母想让他接受最好的教育。
2. 最高级的修饰语常见的有:序数词, by far , nearly , almost等
This is by far the most inspiring movie that I have ever seen. 这是我曾看过的最鼓舞人心 的电影了。
3.最高级含义的其他表达法
1“否定词语+比较级”或"否定词语+ as”结构表示最高级含义。
— Do you think that the Chinese National Games were a success?
— Yes, absolutely! It couldn't be better.
—— 你认为这届中国全运会成功吗?
—— 是的,绝对成功!没有比它更好的了。
2比较级形式表示最高级含义。
比较级+ than+$ all (he pther+可数名词复数 [anythin g/a nyone else
Julia is taller than any other girl in her class.
=Julia is taller than all the other girls in her class.
=Julia is the tallest girl in her class.
朱莉娅是她班上最高的女生。
4.the last表示“最不可能的” “最不适合的” “最不希望的”等
The last thing they want is to work in the red areas where life is hard.
他们最不乐意的是在生活艰难的红区域里工作。
[典例] 1.(2018 全国卷 I )According to a review of evidenee in a medical journal , runners
live three years (long) tha n non — runn ers.
解析 考查副词的比较等级。 句中的than是比较级的标志,故填long的比较级longer。
答案 Ion ger
2.(2018 •西名校联盟质检 [Eighteen years later, we're still here and doing (well)
than ever.
解析 考查副词的比较等级。根据 than ever可知设空处填副词比较级;根据 well可知
答案为better。
答案 better
三、形容词和副词的词形变化
1.动词、名词变形容词的后缀
today
后缀 | 例词 |
able | accept^ acceptable 可接受的 comfort t comfortable 舒适的 fashi on t fashi on able 时髦的 suit t suitable 合适的 reasorr reason able 有道理的 enjoy t enjoyable 令人愉快的 value t valuable 有价值的 kno wledge t kno wledgeable 有知识的 rely t reliable 可依赖的 |
al | ben efit t ben eficial 有益的 music t musical 音乐的 origin t original 最初的 |
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