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1. Christopher Columbus discovered America.
2. The earliest settlers were Dutch, Swedish, French, German, Spanish, Portuguese and Italian.
3. In the early 17th century, English began their settlement of the North American continent.
4. Puritans were to become founding-fathers of the United States years later.
5. American Puritanism was a dominant factor in American life and worked as one of the most enduring shaping influence in American thought and American literature.
6. Most of the writing during the early years of the colonists’ settlement was forcing on a God-centered world. And sermon was one of its highest writing forms.
7. The American Revolution was brought to an end with the signing of the Treaty of Paris in 1783.
8. George Washington was the first president of the United States of America.
9. As a European literary movement, Romanticism originated and strengthened in German, France and England in the middle of 18th century as a rebellion against the prevailing Neo-classicism and Rationalism during the Age of Reason.
10. Transcendentalism or Romantic Idealism emerged after the publication of Nature, written by Ralph Waldo Emerson.
11. New England Transcendentalism was the summit of American Romanticism.
12. Emerson described Allan Poe in three words: the jingle man.
13. In the Scarlet Letter, Hawthorne remarkably handles the Puritan background.
14. The dominating theme of the Scarlet Letter is about sin and its consequences.
15. Poe emphasized the significance of art and he thought that works of art should be created for the sake of beauty. He insisted that the creation of a work of art require the ut
most concentration and unity, as well as the most careful use of words.
16. The Raven is a verse-narrative and has 108 lines.
17. The dominant themes of Melville’s major works include the exploration of historical and psychological origins, the development of self and society, and the desire to create and destroy gods and heroes.
18. Realism appeared in the American literature in the form of local color.
19. Mark twain means two fathoms deep.
20. The “international situationthrift” was Henry James’ term for the fictional encounters between Americans and Europeans.
21. Henry James was one of the three strong advocates of 19th century American realism, the other two being Howells and Mark Twain.
22. Henry James’ realism emphasizing the inner awareness and inward movements of his
characters in face of outside occurrences, was called psychological realism.
23. Sinclair Lewis was the first American novelist, who awarded the Nobel Prize.
24. Gertrude Stein was the center of the expatriates. She said: “All of you young people who served in the war, you are the lost of generation.”
25. Pounds’ three famous principles: direct treatment, economy of expression and rhythm.
26. The Great Gatsby is a blend of romanticism and cynicism, a story of doomed love and helpless obsession set amid the harsh glitter of wealthy New York society in the 1920s.
27. The term “Hemingway Style” is widely used today to refer to the kind of prose writing which is characterized by simplicity, directness, clarity, freshness and naturalness.
名词解释
1. Puritanism
Puritanism refers to the practice and beliefs of the puritans. Puritans were originally pious members of the church of England who wanted to “purify” the rituals and to lessen the authority of bishops. To them, religion had the highest priority and man should live, think and act in a way which tended to the glory of God. The doctrines of them are predestination, original sin, total depravity, and limited atonement. Puritanism remained the dominant cultural force into the 19th century. In the grin struggle for survival, the puritans became more practical. They believe in hardworking, piety and sobriety. In a word, American Puritanism was one of the most enduring shaping influences in American thought and literature.
2. Romanticism
Romanticism is a reaction neoclassicism and artistic and intellectual movement originating in Europe in the 18th century. This early 19th century movement elevated the interest in nature, the individual, the passions and the inner life. It stressed strong emotion, imagination, freedom from classical correctness in art forms, and rebellion again
st social convention.
3. Realism
Realism is a mode of writing that gives the impression of recording or reflecting faithfully an actual way of life. The term refers, both to a literary method based on detailed accuracy of description, and to a more general attitude that rejects idealization, escapism, and other extravagant qualities of romance in favor of recognizing soberly the actual problems of life.
4. Naturalism
Naturalism mainly refers to American naturalism, which occurred in later 19th century and early 20th century. It was a literary approach of French origin that vividly depicted social problems, and viewed human beings as helpless and passive victims of natural forces and social environment.

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