Figurative language:
Definition: is to translate something abstract or unfamiliar into something concrete or familiar.
Function: By comparison, the figurative language allows reader to visualize what is otherwise obscure, such as an image, an idea, or a feeling.
Kinds of figurative language:
• Simile(明喻）
• Metaphor（暗喻）
• Personification（拟人）
• Metonymy(转喻/借代）
• Exaggeration（夸张）
• Alliteration（头韵）
• Parallelism（排比）
• Contrast（对比）
Examples:
My love is like a red, red rose. (Simile)
You don’t miss your water till your well runs dry. (Metaphor)
My teddy bear gave me a hug. (Personification)
He is fond of the bottle (Metonymy)
She sells seashells by the seashore. (Alliteration)
I could eat a cow (Exaggeration)
One friend in a lifetime is much, two are many, three are hardly possible (Parallelism)
Figurative language in the article----what life means to me 
Metaphor -- Above me towered the colossal edifice of society…(line 6)
    Society →a huge building
            attic (line 111)
            parlor floor (line 111)
            portals (line 30 pt. Ⅱ)
            cellar ( line 84)
It was now the ladder of business. (line 32)
    business→ ladder
A man may love oysters, but too many oysters will disincline him toward that particular diet. (line 78)
  Oysters →work
  Many → too much work
Metonymy-- Up above, men wore black clothes and boiled shirts, and women dressed in beautiful gowns.
High—class people
The science of custom
Exposition 说明文
Definition                    Quotation
Examples                    Analogy
Contrast                    Illustrations
Comparison                  Narration
Description                  Cause and effect
Classification                Division
1． Catholic Church: The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the world's largest Christian church, with over a billion members. Led by the Pope(蒲伯), it defines its mission as spreading the gospel（福音） of Jesus Christ. The Roman Catholic Church is among the oldest institutions in the world and has played a prominent role in the history of Western civilization. It teaches that it is the one true church founded by Jesus Christ
2． Protestantism: is one of the three major groupings (Catholicism, Orthodoxy, and Protestantism) within Christianity. It is a movement that began in Germany in the early 16th century as a reaction against medieval Roman Catholic doctrines and practices
3． Christianity: is a monotheistic（一神论的） religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus as presented in canonical gospels(福音书) and other New Testament（新约） writi
ngs. Christianity teaches that Jesus is the Son of God, God having become human and the savior of humanity.
4． Ivy League(常春藤联盟): is an athletic conference（联盟）including eight private institutions of higher education in the Northeastern United States. The conference name is also commonly used to refer to those eight schools as a group. The eight institutions are Brown University（布朗大学）, Columbia University, Cornell University（康乃尔大学）, Dartmouth College, Harvard University, Princeton University（普林斯顿大学）, the University of Pennsylvania, and Yale University. The term Ivy League also has connotations（涵义；暗示） of academic excellence, selectivity（选择性） in admissions, and social elitism（精英主义）.
5． Dante(但丁): Was an Italian poet, prose writer, literary theorist（理论家）, moral philosopher, and political thinker. He is best known for the monumental （不朽的）epic poem The Divine Comedy（神曲）. His Divine Comedy is considered the greatest literary work composed in the Italian language and a masterpiece of world literature.
6． IQ: An intelligence quotient, or IQ, is a score derived from one of several different standardized tests(unfamiliar标准化测验) designed to assess（评定） intelligence.                 
7． EQ: a self-perceived(自我感知) ability to identify, assess, and control the emotions of oneself, of others, and of groups.
8． Material Cultural Heritage: Historical relics, Historical buildings, Cultural sites(文化遗址). The Great Wall, the Summer Palace, the Temple of Heaven.
    Non-material Cultural heritage: Verbal tradition
Performing arts
Social custom, etiquette, festival
Practices of the natural world and space
Traditional handcraft arts
9． Murphy’s Law: This is a humorous maxim(格言) declaring that if anything can go wrong, it will. The law originated in 1949 with Ed Murphy, an aircraft engineer. He is by no means a savant（专家） in the true sense of the word. But the law he formulates seems to be universally true.

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