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被动语态特殊用法总结(总3页)

被 动 语 态 的 使 用
1.当不知道或没有必要指出动作的执行者时，常用被动语态，这时往往不用by 短语。
  “Mr. White, the cup with mixture was broken after class. ”
(只是告诉老师杯子坏了，不知是谁弄坏的，或不想说出谁弄坏的)。
2.突出或强调动作的承受者，如果需要说出动作的执行者，用by 短语。
  These records were made by John Denver.  The cup was broken by Paul. 
3.当汉语句子的主语既不是动作的执行者，也不是动作的承受者时，这时常用in + 名词作状语，而代替 by 短语。
  These cars were made in China.  15, 000 cars will be produced each year in the new fac
tory.
语态转换时要注意的问题
1. 含有双宾语的主动句变被动句时，可分别将其中的一个宾语变为主语，另一个不动，一般变间接宾语为主语时比较多。
  My uncle gave me a present on my birthday./I was given a present on my birthday. 
  如果把直接宾语(指物)改为主语，则在间接宾语(指人)前加适当的介词，如上句还可以说：A present was given to me yesterday.
    注意：一般在下列动词后，常在间接宾语前用介词 to，如：bring, give, hand, lend, offer, pass, pay, promise, sell, show, take, teach, tell 等。
    The cup with mixture was showed to the class.  My bike was lent to her. 
    一般在下列动词后，间接宾语前用介词 for, 如： build, buy, cook, cut, choose, do, fetch, find, fix, get, keep, make, order, paint, play, sing 等。
Mother made me a new skirt.  (A new skirt was made for me.  )he meat was cooked for us.  Some country music was played for us. 
  有些既不用to 也不用for, 根据动词与介词的搭配关系。  He asked me a question.  (A question was asked of me.  ) People all over the world know the Great Wall. 
  The Great Wall is known to people all over the world. (不用by短语)
2. 由动词+ 介词或副词构成的短语动词，把它们看成一个及物动词，介词或副词不可拆开或漏掉。这类动词有：
不及物动词+ 介词，如: agree to, ask for, laugh at, operated on, listen to, look after, think of, talk about 等。
  The patient is being operated on.  The problem is solved. It needn't be talked about. 
及物动词+ 副词：如：bring about, carry out, find out, give up, hand in, make out, pass on, point out, put away, put off, think over, turn down, work out, turn out 等。
  His request was turned down.  The sports meet will be put off because of the bad weather.
3. 带复合宾语(宾语+ 宾补)的动词改为被动语态时，一般把主动结构中的宾语改为主语，而宾语补足语保留在谓语动词后面。如：
    We always keep the classroom clean.  →The classroom is always kept clean. 
    She told us to follow her instructions.  →We were told to follow her instructions. 
注意：在see, watch, hear, notice, listen to, look at, make, feel等动词后作宾语补足语的动词不定式都不带 to，但改成被动语态后都带to，这时不定式为主语补足语，也就是说不定式作主语补足语不存在省略to 的问题。
    We often hear him play the guitar. →He is often heard to play the guitar. 
注意：带有复合宾语的句子，如果宾语补足语是名词，变被动句时，应将宾语变为主语，不要误把宾语补足语的名词作主语。如：
    Tomatoes were first taken back to Europe and people called them love apples.
    误：Love apples were called them.  正：They were called love apples. 
4. 还有一种短语动词由动词+ 名词+ 介词构成，变被动语态有两种形式，如下：
1) We take good care of the books. 
    The books are taken good care of. 
    Good care is taken of the book. 
2) You must pay attention to your pronunciation. 
    Attention must be paid to your pronunciation. 
    Your pronunciation must be paid attention to. 
        用于这类结构的短语动词常见的有：catch sight of, make use of, pay attention to, set fire to, take care of, take hold of, take notice of, keep an eye on 等。
5. 当主动句的主语是nobody, no one等含有否定意义的不定代词时，被动句中将其变为anybody, 作by的宾语，并将谓语动词变为否定的被动语态。如：
            Nobody can answer this question. 
误：The question can be answered by nobody.  正：The question can not be answered by anybody.
6. 当否定句中的宾语是anything, anybody, anyone等不定代词时，在被动句中应将其分别变为nothing, nobody, no one作主语，并将谓语动词变为肯定的被动语态。如：
fetch最佳用法      They haven't done anything to make the river clean. 
误：Anything hasn't been done to make the river clean. 

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