环境微生物学名词解释（3）
环境微生物学名词解释
偏害关系（拮抗关系）：共存于同一环境的两种微生物，甲方对乙方有害，乙方对甲方无任何影响。分为非特异性偏害和特异性偏害。
捕食关系
寄生关系：一种生物需要在另一种生物体内生活，从中摄取营养才得以生长繁殖。寄生的结果一般都会引起寄主的损伤或死亡。（专性寄生：不能离开寄主生存；兼性寄生：离开寄主后能营腐生生活）
生态：生物与环境的关系。
生态系统：在一定时间和空间范围内由生物与他们的生境通过能量流动和物质循环所组成的一个自然体，简称生态系，可用公式表示：生态系统=生物落+环境条件
生态平衡：生态系统是开放系统，当能量和物质的输入输出娇娇长时间趋于相等，生态系统
的组成、结构和功能将长期处于稳定状态。即使有外来干扰，生态系统一般也能通过自行调节的能力恢复到原来的稳定状态，这就是生态系统的平衡，即生态平衡。
土壤自净：土壤对施入一定负荷的有机物或有机污染物具有吸附和生物降解的能力，通过各种物理、化学过程自动分解污染物使土壤恢复到原有水平的净化过程，称为土壤自净。
土壤生物修复：利用土壤中天然的微生物资源或人为投加目的菌株，甚至用构建的特异降解功能菌投加到各污染土壤中，将滞留的污染物快速降解和转化，恢复土壤的天然功能。
水体自净：河流接纳了一定量的有机污染物后，在物理的、化学的和水生物等因素的综合作用后得到净化，水质恢复到污染前的水平和状态，这叫做水体自净。
水体富营养化：由于某些因素，尤其是人类将富含氮、磷的城市生活污水和工业废水排放入湖泊、河流和海洋，使水体的氮、磷营养过剩，促使水体中藻类过量生长，使淡水水体发生水华，是海洋发生赤潮，造成水体富营养化。 好氧活性污泥：由多种多样的好氧微生物和兼性厌氧微生物（兼有少量的厌氧微生物）与污（废）水中有机和无机固体物质混凝交织在一起，形成的絮状体或称绒粒。
好氧生物膜：由多种多样的好氧微生物和兼性厌氧微生物黏附在生物滤池滤料上或黏附在生物转盘盘片上的一层黏性、薄膜状的微生物混合体。
污泥丝状膨胀：由于丝状细菌极度生长引起的活性污泥膨胀。
3
环境微生物学(名词解释)2017-04-09 12:43 | #2楼
1. Microorganism
The word microbe (microorganism) is used to describe an organism that is so small that, normally, it cannot be seen without the use of a microscope. Viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa and some algae are all included in this category.
2. Coliform group
The Coliforms are defined as facultatively anaerobic, gram-negative, nonspore-forming, rod-shaped Bacteria that ferment lactose with gas formation within 24 hours at 37℃. The
Coliform group includes the organism Escherichia coli, Citrobacter, Klebsialla pneumoniae, Enterobacter aerogenes.
3. Activated sludge
Activated sludge: it is consisted of many kinds of aerobic microbe, facultative microbe and other inorganic matter. It is also known as the bacteria rich floc.
4. Biodegradability
Biodegradability refers to the transformation performance from macromolecular organisms to small molecule compounds with the help of microorganisms.
5. Bioremediation
Bioremediation is a treatment process that uses naturally occurring microorganisms to degrade hazardous substances into less toxic or nontoxic substances.
6. Eutrophication
Eutrophication is a process whereby water bodies, such as lakes, estuaries, or slow-moving streams receive excess nutrients that stimulate excessive plant growth (algae, plankton).
7. Spore
Certain species of bacteria produce special structure called endospores(内生孢子). They are very resistant to heat and can not be destroyed easily, even by harsh chemicals. Endospores are also resistant to other harmful agents such as drying, radiation, acids and chemical disinfectants(化学消毒剂).
degrade
8. Climax
Succession ends when a relatively stable assemblage of populations, called climax community.
9. Growth curve of bacteria
If the liquid medium supplies all nutrients required for growth and environmental parameters are optimal, the increase in numbers of bacterial mass can be measured as a function of time to obtain a growth curve. Several distinct growth phases can be observed within a growth curve. These include the lag phase, the log phase, the stationary phase and the death phase.
10. Continuous culture
Continuous culture is a system that is designed for long term operation because it is an open system with a continuous feed of influent that contains nutrients solution and substrate, as well as a continuous drain of effluent solution that contain cells, metabolites, waste products and any unused nutrients and substrate.
11. Genetic recombination
Genetic recombination is the process by which genetic elements contained in two separate genomes are brought together in one unit.
This mechanism may enable the organism to carry out some new functions and result in adaptation to changing environments.
Genetic recombination usually involves much larger changes. Entire genes, sets of genes, or even whole chromosomes, are transferred between organisms.
12. Transformation
Transformation is the uptake by a cell of a naked DNA molecule or fragment from the medium and the incorporation of this molecule into the recipient chromosome in a heritable form.
13. Nutrient
Substances used in biosynthesis and energy production and therefore are required for microbial growth.
14. Culture media
Culture media are needed to grow microorganisms in the laboratory and to carry out specialized procedures like microbial identification(微生物鉴定), water and food analysis, and the isolation of particular microorganisms(特定微生物的分离). A wide variety of media is available for these and other purposes.

版权声明：本站内容均来自互联网，仅供演示用，请勿用于商业和其他非法用途。如果侵犯了您的权益请与我们联系QQ:729038198，我们将在24小时内删除。