Material for Classroom Reading: The Attributive and Adverbial Clauses and Translation
      Today we will take the attributive and adverbial clauses to try to understand them and then to put them into Chinese.
Understanding the Attributive Clauses:
The attributive clauses are sth that characterizes the style of long English sentences. The attributive clauses may be divided, in terms of the form, into two kinds, the restrictive clauses and non-restrictive clauses. The functions of the attributive clauses vary from modifying or defining the antecedent, providing a further explanation to it, to adding to the main clauses a cause, result, condition concession and etc.
A. Restrictive and non-restrictive clauses
1.    The boys who wanted to play the football were disappointed, because it began to rain when they were about to leave the classroom.
      The restrictive clause indicates that there were boys who did not plan to go to the sports-ground.
Cf:  The boys, who…
2.    I will now introduce the candidate in support of whom I wish to speak.
3.  A nation will take as its mode of existence cheating and flattering, killing and enslaving during the time when it is in a state of backwardness.
B.  Clauses that offer a contrast to the main clause
                    cause
                    result
                    concession
                    condition
4.  The name of Figs, which had been a byword of reproach, became as respectable and  popular a nick-name as any other in use in the school.
5.  She begged the old gentleman to give the money to dear Rebecca, who must want it, while she herself lacked for nothing.
6.  So she wisely determined to render her position with the family comfortable and secure, and to this end resolved to make friends with anyone around her who would at all interfere with her comfort.
7.    Happy is the man who marries her.
8.  My assistant, who had carefully read through the instructions before doing his experiment, could not obtain satisfactory results.
9.  He wishes to write an article that will attract public attention to the matter. (purpose)
Translation of Attributive Clauses
a) Repetition of the antecedent
1.  He made the sound of sympathy which comes so readily from those who have an independent income.
2.  He will show her the place where they could make her look a proper dame—for next to nothing.
b)  Combination
3.  We in Britain have a social and political system which differs in many respects from yours.
4.  They are aware that they are participating in a movement which is shaking the world and which brings together in its ranks all peoples aspiring to freedom and justice.
5.  It was a hope that reflected the conviction expressed some years earlier by the then British Prime Minister, Mr Asquit.
Understanding Adverbial Clauses
  The adverbial clauses comprehend clauses indicating time, cause, condition, concession purpose and result. Translating the adverbial clauses into Chinese is often no easy job, because it is difficult to understand the meanings conveyed by the adverbial clauses.
A. Clauses introduced by ‘while’ and ‘when’
1.  While in Japan, he made friends with many people there.
2.  There has been a negative growth of population in some European countries since World War II, while population in many third world countries has doubled.
   
3.  While I admit that the problems are difficult, I don’t agree they can’t be solved. (used to imply a concession)
4.  He walks when he might take a taxi. (concession)
5.  Why was he late when he knew the meeting began at 8 sharp? (concession)
degrade6.  When a representative exceeds his allotted time the President shall call him to order without delay. (time)
B. Clauses introduced by ‘if’
  Generally, ‘if’ clauses introduce a condition for a thing to occur or take place, but sometimes they can mean differently.
7.  The peace of the Middle East is menaced every day if the occupied Arab territories are not restored. (condition)
    Sometimes ‘if’ may be regarded as introducing the adverbial of result, especially when the main clause obviously contains something indicating a cause or purpose.
8.  If I have gone beyond a guarded speech to be so explicit, it is in order to put an end on
ce and for all to the misunderstandings which we have known in the past. 

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