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字符串匹配
---摘自《网猴》
Perl的最有用的特征之一是
它的强大的字符串处理能力。其中的核心是被很多其它UNIX工具使用的规则表达式(regular expression - RE)。
规则表达式
规则表达式包含在斜线内,匹配通过=~操作符进行。如果字符串the出现在变量$sentence中,则下面的表达式为真:
$sentence =~ /the/
RE是大小写敏感的,所以如果
$sentence = "The quick brown fox";
那么上面的匹配结果为false。操作符!~用在“非匹配”时,在上面的例子中
$sentence !~ /the/
是真,因为字符串the没有出现在$sentence中。
特殊变量$_
在条件语句
if ($sentence =~ /under/)
{
print "We're talking about rugby\n";
}
中,如果我们有下面两个表达式中的一个:
$sentence = "Up and under";
$sentence = "Best winkles in Sunderland";
将打印出一条信息。
但是如果我们把这个句子赋值给特殊变量$_,用起来会更容易些。如果这样,我们可以避免使用匹配和非匹配操作符,上面的例子可以写成:
if (/under/)
{
print "We're talking about rugby\n";
}
$_变量是很多Perl操作的缺省变量,经常被使用。
其它的RE
在RE中有大量的特殊字符,既使它们功能强大,又使它们看起来很复杂。最好在用RE时
慢慢来,对它们的使用是一种艺术。
下面是一些特殊的RE字符和它们的意义:
. # Any single character except a newline
^ # The beginning of the line or string
$ # The end of the line or string
* # Zero or more of the last character
+ # One or more of the last character
? # Zero or one of the last character
下面是一些匹配的例子,在使用时应加上/.../:
t.e # t followed by anthing followed by e
# This will match the
# tre
# tle
# but not te
# tale
^f # f at the beginning of a line
^ftp # ftp at the beginning of a line
e$ # e at the end of a line
tle$ # tle at the end of a line
und* # un followed by zero or more d characters
# This will match un
# und
# undd
# unddd (etc)
.* # Any string without a newline. This is because
# the . matches anything except a newline and
# the * means zero or more of these.
^$ # A line with nothing in it.
还有更多的用法。方括号用来匹配其中的任何一个字符。在方括号中"-"表明"between","^"表示"not":
[qjk] # Either q or j or k
[^qjk] # Neither q nor j nor k
[a-z] # Anything from a to z inclusive
[^a-z] # No lower case letters
[a-zA-Z] # Any letter
[a-z]+ # Any non-zero sequence of lower case letters
上面提到的已经基本够用了,下面介绍的只做参考:
竖线"|"表示"or",括号(...)可以进行集合:
jelly|cream # Either jelly or cream
(eg|le)gs # Either eggs or legs
(da)+ # Either da or dada or
下面是一些其它的特殊字符:
\n # A newline
\t # A tab
\w # Any alphanumeric (word) character.
# The same as [a-zA-Z0-9_]
\W # Any non-word character.
# The same as [^a-zA-Z0-9_]
\d # Any digit. The same as [0-9]
\D # Any non-digit. The same as [^0-9]
\s # Any whitespace character: space,
# tab, newline, etc
\S # Any non-whitespace character
\b # A word boundary, outside [] only
\B # No word boundary
象$, |, [, ), \, /这样的字符是很特殊的,如果要引用它们,必须在前面加一个反斜线:
\| # Vertical bar
\[ # An open square bracket
\) # A closing parenthesis
\* # An asterisk
\^ # A carat symbol
\/ # A slash
\\ # A backslash
RE的例子
我们前面提到过,用RE最好慢慢来。下面是一些例子,当使用它们时应方在/.../中。
[01] # Either "0" or "1"
\/0 # A division by zero: "/0"
\/ 0 # A division by zero with a space: "/ 0"
\/\s0 # A division by zero with a whitespace:
# "/ 0" where the space may be a tab etc.
\/ *0 # A division by zero with possibly some
# spaces: "/0" or "/ 0" or "/ 0" etc.
\/\s*0 # A division by zero with possibly some
perl下载安装教程 # whitespace.
\/\s*0\.0* # As the previous one, but with decimal
# point and maybe some 0s after it. Accepts
# "/0." and "/0.0" and "/0.00" etc and
# "/ 0." and "/ 0.0" and "/ 0.00" etc.
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