《桃花源记》六个译文可读性探究
摘 要:《桃花源记》六个译者的翻译思想中都体现着兼顾忠实和可读性的原则,然而,六个译文在理解和表达方面存在很大的差异,在文化因素的处理方面也采取了不尽相同的具体技巧,体现了各位译者对原文的不同认识,充分说明译者在翻译中的核心地位。
关键词:忠实 可读性 理解 表达 文化因素
陶渊明的《桃花源记》以武陵渔人进出桃花源的行踪为线索,以发现桃源、做客桃源、离开桃源、再寻桃源的情节,描绘了一个理想的桃源世界,深受人们喜爱。这篇文章也被多次译成英文。笔者搜集了Herbert A Giles、林语堂、杨宪益、毛荣贵、黄俊雄以及罗经国所译的六种译文。六位译者有以英语为母语的汉学家,有旅居国外的华人学者,也有国内从事翻译和翻译教学的学者、教师,比较他们的译文对文言文的翻译和教学都会有所启发。
一、六位译者的翻译原则 在对六个译文比较之前,首先考察一下这些译者的翻译思想,因为翻译思想往往制约着译者的翻译策略选择,在评价译本时只有把译者的翻译思想和翻译策略结合起来才能做到公正公允。
由这些序言体现出来的翻译思想可以看出,这些译者都基本坚持忠实和可读性的原则,既考虑到要忠实于原文,又考虑读者的要求。在毛荣贵和林语堂的翻译思想中体现着同样的原则。毛译是在评点《桃花源记》的两个译本的基础上的改译之作。译者认为翻译审美活动就是从一种语言(原文)的表层结构开始,由表及里,由浅入深,探明深层结构,再从深层结构转换到另一种语言(译文)的表层结构。在分析《桃花源记》的翻译时他既注重在深层结构上接近原文,也非常注重表层结构的选词美和句式美等。林语堂的翻译思想主要体现在著名的《论翻译》一文。该文提出了翻译的三条标准:“第一条是忠实标准,第二是通顺标准,第三条是美的标准。”三条标准分别对应着译者对原著者的责任、对中国读者的责任以及对艺术的责任。他认为翻译是艺术,“不可不注意于文字之美的问题”。
二、理解的异同 上文我们指出,六位译者的翻译思想中都体现着忠实于原文的原则,理解准确无疑是实现这一原则的首要前提。通过比较我们会发现,六位译者对原文的理解有同有异。
首先,六个译文的题目有同有异。《桃花源记》中的“源”字,本意是“水源”,古代还有“水中平原”之意。按照文中所写,渔人忽逢桃花林,欲穷其林,在林尽水源的山里发现了一个与
世隔绝的地方、一个和乐祥和的社会。“桃花源”所指的就是这个地方,喻指避世隐居或理想中的美好地方。以下是六个译文的题目:
Giles:The Peach-Blossom Fountain
林译:The Peach Colony
杨译:Peach Blossom Springs
毛译:Peach Blossom Spring
黄译:Peach Woods
罗译:A Tale of the Fountain of the Peach Blossom Spring
六个译文题目显示, Giles、杨译、毛译以及罗译选择了相同的侧重点,都突出“泉”,其中Giles用“The Peach-Blossom Fountain”,比杨译和毛译的“Peach Blossom Spring(s)”更接近“水源”之意,罗译“A Tale of the Fountain of the Peach Blossom Spring”形式上最接近于原文,既有“泉Spring”又有“源Fountain”,但这两个词语义有重复。与这四个译本突不同,
黄译“Peach Woods”侧重于“桃花林”。林译使用“The Peach Colony”,colony意为“a group of settlers, a separate or separated group”,显然以“桃花源人”为中心的。
题目的侧重点不同,译文语篇的中心因而也是不同的,说明译者对《桃花源记》的故事有着不同的认识。
《桃花源记》原文中某些地方本身存在歧义,不同译者往往有不同理解,例如“男女衣着,悉如外人”一句:
Giles:The dress of the people who passed along or were at work in the fields was of a strange cut.
林译:The dresses of the men and women were like
those of the outside world.
杨译:Their dress was not unlike that of the people
outside. 黄译:The farmers……, dressed in clothes the fisher
man has never seen, all looked like aliens.
毛译:Men and women working in the fields were all clad in outfits of exotic style.
罗译:Men and women were dressed like people out
side.
这里的“外人”一词,本身存在语义上的含混,因此这句话就有截然相反的理解,一种理解是“男男女女的穿着完全像桃花源外的人”,一种理解是“男男女女的穿着跟桃花源外面的人都不一样”。六个译文中,林译、杨译、罗译按前者处理,而Giles、黄译以及毛译则理解为后者。
原文中还有某些“空白”和不确定的地方,需要读者根据自己的经验和理解去填充。例如在渔人穿过山之小口之后,进入桃花源人所住的地方,原文只是描写渔人眼里看到的图景,并没有明确说明这个地方的地貌特征,不同读者心目中自然会有不同的图景。Giles 译文中将此理解为“a new world of level country”,林译理解为“a wide, level valley”,杨译和毛译都直接译为“the place”,黄译中是“a vast plain”, 罗译中则是“an open field”。
faint
再比如,“见渔人,乃大惊,问所从来”一句,需要译者根据自己的理解添加“主语”。六位译者的填充也表现出两种倾向:
Giles:One of the inhabitants, catching sight of the fisherman, was greatly astonished.
林译:They were greatly astonished to see the fisher
man and asked him where he had come from.
杨译:Seeing the fisherman, they were greatly amazed
and asked him where he had come from.
黄译:The villagers were greatly surprised to see the
fisherman, asking where he had come from.
毛译:The fisherman was then spotted by a villager,
who was greatly amazed and asked where he had come from.
罗译:They were surprised at seeing the fisherman,
who, being asked where he came from…
六个译文中,林译、杨译、黄译和罗译都选择复数主语,按“(村人们)见渔人”来理解,而Giles和毛译则选择了单数主语,按“(有一个村人)见渔人”来理解。
三、表达的高低 六个译文在篇章表达方面也是有同有异。在形式方面,如断句、句式和语态的选择以及段落组织方面,各译文间的异同一目了然。例如:“鸡犬相闻”一句,Giles、黄译、毛译都使用了被动语态。毛译在“见渔人,乃大惊”和“自云先世避秦时乱”等处,都使用了被动语态,以“渔人”为中心来叙事。“不足为外人道也”一句,在原文是直接引语,而林译和罗译则采用了间接引语。再比如:“林尽水源,便得一山,山有小口,仿佛若有光。”六个翻译无论是对原文的断句和译文的组句都不相同:
Giles:He found that the peach trees ended where the water began, at the foot of a hill; and there he espied what seemed to be a cave with light issuing from it.
林译:…, and when he came to the end of the grove,
he saw a spring which came from a cave in the hill. Having noticed that there seemed to be a weak light in the cave, …
杨译:He found at the end of the wood the source
of the stream and the foot of a cliff, where there was a small cave in which there seemed to be a faint light.
黄译:Leaving behind the peaches, he reached the
end of the river. A mountain with a dim little cave came into sight.
毛译:It (the woods) ended at the stream’s source,
where stood a hill. A small cave cut into the hill and a faint light can be seen from within. 罗译:At the end of the wood was the fountainhead
of the stream. The fisherman beheld a hill, with a small opening from which issued a glimmer of light.

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