1)Diction（选词用字）
2)Amplification（增词法）
3)Omission（省略法）
4)Conversion（转换法）
5)Repetition（重复法）
6)Inversion(语序调整)
7)Negation（正说反译，反说正译）
8)Division (长句拆译) & Subordination（分清主从）
例1. Neat people buy everything in expensive little single portions.
    意译：办事讲究的人买什么都讲少而精，愿买贵的。
√
例2． They want quality, but at a budget price.
意译：他们又要货好，又要价格合算。 √
people at budget:精打细算过日子的人
例3．On Taiwan there was little grace and less give between the two sides.
      在台湾问题上，双方几乎没有多少客气可讲，更谈不上让步了。
例4. Whichever way you choose to visit Zhengzhou , you will reach here quickly and enjoy a comfortable stay, because Zhengzhou has a wide range of accommodation to suit all budgets and tastes…
试译：无论乘坐何种交通工具都能迅速抵达郑州，下榻此处会让你倍感舒适，这里的住宿条件能充分满足各种档次和品味的要求……。
例4．New HSR and Maglev would have all-new, state-of-the-art train control system. The Accelerail options were estimate with train control systems providing speed and auth
ority enforcement.
译文：新型高速列车或磁浮列车须装置全新的、造形精美的列车操纵系统，可供选用的列车操纵系统必须能提供速度和（威力）强大的加速力。
例6．一幢乡村小学的教学楼，建了7年还是个半拉子工程。
    The construction of the teaching building of a village school, which was started seven years ago, has ended up a “never-to-be-finished project”.
例7．有市场、有效益的速度，才是真正的发展，才是硬道理。
Sound economic growth must be based on strong market demand and good economic returns. This is a fundamental principle.
例8．“一要吃饭，二要建设”是指导我国经济工作的基本原则。
      A basic principle guiding our economic work is “subsistence first and development second”.
例1. Saying good-bye to a child going to college for the first time is rough,…How does a person cut off 18 years of closeness?
      孩子考上大学第一次与他送别，这滋味真教人难受。……十八年的骨肉相依，晨夕相处，而今一朝别离，又怎会舍得呢？     
(语义性增译)
例2. Chinese life is filled with lists of bests: The mao-tai at a banquet is one of the China’s eight great liquors; the view of the West Lake in Hangzhou is one of the nine ideal vantage points, and even some companies will declaim that they are among the 500 national outstanding enterprises.
中国人的生活中充满了一系列“名牌”、“上品”之类的东西：筵席上的茅台属中国八大名酒之一，杭州西湖属中国九大名胜之一,就连一些公司也要自称是全国500强企业之一。
                    （语义性增译）
例3．Venice invites idleness and strolling. Its silence is restful and its sundials are inscribed with the words: Horas non mumero nisi serenas (I count only the happy hours).
威尼斯是人们休闲解闷、闲庭信步的好去处，她宁静从容，闲适悠然，连城中的日晷(读“轨”)上都刻着这样的铭文：“只计幸福时光”。
(修辞性增译)
例4．We have recognized that free trade is not a zero-sum game.
      “zero-sum”：术语，一种“零和值”
或“此方得利彼方遭损”: 
译文: 我们认识到，自由贸易并非一种损人利己的“零和值”游戏。         
                      （语义性增译）
例5．(?)信笔写来，(?)竟然差不多都是写我自己的回忆，这(?)就说明了这本散文集的魅力。
      While writing at will, I find all I’ve done is just something of my own recollection, which shows how charming this collection of essays is!       
                            (结构增译)
例6．Dripstones, stalactites, are in different shapes-----columns, pillars and translucent curtains, conjure up unforgettable images.
    各种钟乳石形态各异——有的玉柱浑圆；有的栋梁擎天；有的瀑布飞帘，晶莹剔透——大自然鬼斧神工，妙景天成，令人难忘。
                  (修辞性增译/重复)
例7．钱先生周岁时“抓周”，抓了一本书，因而得名“钟书”。       
When Mr.Qian was only one-year old, the baby was told by his parents to choose one thing among many others, he picked up a book of all things. Thereupon he was given by his parents the name: zhong shu (book-lover).
（文内阐释
例8．由于这个年龄阶段的孩子大多是在“421家庭”中长大的，自理能力较差。
      Since most of the students at this age have grown up in families containing four grandparents and two parents as well as themselves, they are incapable of taking care of themselves in daily life.      （文内阐释）
例1．我进去看了，只记得门警是瑞士兵士，穿着黄制服，别的没有印象了。
    I went there to have a look. All I remember now is that the guards at the entrance were Swiss soldiers in yellow uniform.
                        (语义性省译)
例2．She denied it, denied everything, bone and stone.
    她矢口否认，死不认帐。(语义)
例3．The crowd was pushing hard. Those in the middle were squeezed against each other so tightly that they could not move in any direction.
  人越挤越厉害，夹在中间的人被挤得动弹不得。(语义)
例submarine4． These statements may seem so commonplace that they may be held to be hardly worth making. 
      这些说法都是些不值一提的老生常谈。(语义省译)
例5．她（黄河）奔腾不息，勇往直前，忽而惊涛裂岸，势不可挡，使山动容；忽而安如处子，风平浪静，波光潋滟，气象万千。
      It tears and boils along turbulently through the mountains and, at some place, flows on quietly with a sedate appearance and glistening ripples.
                            (修辞性省译)
例6．……在各方面形成一套更加成熟更加定型的制度。
      …to build up an all-round economic system with a complete set of mature and fixed practices.
例7．我们要积极推进经济体制改革和经济增长根本改变，努力实现“十五”计划。
      We must promote the fundamental shift of economic system and of the mode of economic growth to fulfill the Tenth Five-Year Plan.

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