arbitrary语言学例子
语言学概论
1. Language—a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication
2. Nature of language
Arbitrary. Systematic. Vocal. Symbolic. human specific for communication
3. Design features of language
① Productivity/creativity. produce or understand indefinite sentences by using finite set of rules
② Duality. Sounds and meaning system
③ Arbitrariness: no connection between words and meanings.
④ Displacement. overcome barriers caused by space and time
⑤ Transferability. Spoken and read, transfer into each other.
⑥ Cultural transmission：Language and culture are closely connected. Languages are parts of culture， reflect culture and pass on from generation to generation by learning
4. Function of language
① informative function(最重要)
② phatic function—maintain social relationship
③ recording function
④ performative function带来行为效果
minimal⑤ physiological/emotive/expressive function
⑥ recreation function(pleasure function)
5. some basic distinctions in linguistic（ 前三个是老师重点讲的）
⑴ langue and parole(语言和言语)
﹡Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a
speech community
Parole refers to particular realization of langue
﹡Langue is the social, conventional side of language
Parle is individualized speech
﹡Langue is relatively stable and systematic, whereas
Parole is more variable and may change according to contextual factors ﹡Langue and Parole together constitute language
⑵synchronic and diachronic(共识语言学和历识语言学)
﹡Language can be studied at a given point in time or over time
﹡when we study language at one particular time, it is called synchronic
study(synchronic linguistics)[state of language at any point in history]
﹡when we study language developments through time diachronic
study(diachronic/linguistics)[differences of two or more than two languages over time]
⑶competence and performance(能力和表现)
﹡competence—the knowledge that native speakers have of their language as
a system of abstract formal relations
① what he knows
② the ideal language users knowledge of that language system
③ stable
﹡performance—their actual linguistic behavior， the actual use of this
knowledge
① what he does
② the actual realization of the language user’s knowledge
③ variable
﹡The language user’s performance is not a true reflection of his competence
⑷ prescriptive and descriptive
Prescriptive grammars tell what should be in the language.
Descriptive grammars tell what is in the language.
⑸ speech and writing
In the past, spoken language is primary, but not the written, and the spoken language in some sense dependent upon the standard written language. However, language is primar
ily vocal.
6. Scope of phonetics ①articulatory phonetics 发音语言学
（简答题） ②acoustic phonetics声学语言学
③auditory phonetics听觉语言学
7.Constant分类
⑴place of articulation
① bilabial双唇音 ② labiodental 唇齿音 ③ interdental /dental齿间音 ④ alveolar齿龈音 ⑤ palatal腭音 ⑥ velar软腭音
⑦ uvula小舌音 ⑧ glottal声门音
⑵manner of articulation
① stops/plosives爆破音 ② fricatives摩擦音 ③ affricates塞擦音 ④ nasals鼻音 ⑤ liquids流
音 ⑥ glides滑音
8. Phonemes 音素 （定义题）
定义：the minimum phonemic unit that is not further analyzable into smaller units
9. Minimal pairs and sets (定义或者分析题)
﹡Minimal pairs: two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment that occurs in the same place in the string, the two words are called minimal pairs
﹡Minimal sets: more than two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment that occurs in the same place in the string, the words are called minimal sets

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