（完整word版）语言学名词解释
Chapter 1: Introduction
1. Linguistics: Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.
8. langue: Lange refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community.
9. parole :Parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use.
10. competence : The ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language.
11.performance : The actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.
12. language : Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.
13.design features : Design features refer to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication.
14. arbitrariness: Arbitrariness refers to no logical connection between meaning and sound.
15. productivity: Users can understand and produce sentences that they have never heard before.
16. duality: Language consists of two sets of structure, with lower lever of sound, which is meaningless, and the higher lever of meaning.
17. displacement: Language can be used to refer to the contexts removed from the immediate situation of the speaker no matter how far away from the topic of conversation in time or space.
18. cultural transmission: Language is culturally transmitted. It is taught and learned from one generation to the next, rather than by instinct.
Chapter 2: Phonology
1. phonic medium : The meaningful speech sound in human communication.
2. phonetics : The study of phonic medium of language and it is concerned with all sounds in t he world’s languages.
3. articulatory phonetics : It studies sounds from the speaker’s point of view, i.e. how
a speaker uses his speech organs to articulate the sounds.
4. auditory phonetics: The studies sounds from the hearer’s point of view, i.e. how the sounds are perceived by the hearer.
5. acoustic phonetics: It studies the way sounds travel by looking at the sound waves, the physical means by which sounds are transmitted through the air from one person to another.
6. voicing: the way that sounds are produced with the vibration of the vocal cords.
7. voiceless: the way that sounds are produced with no vibration of the vocal cords.
8. broad transcription: The use of letter symbols only to show the sounds or sounds sequ
ences in written form.
9. narrow transcription: The use of letter symbol, together with the diacritics to show sounds in written form.
10. diacritics: The symbols used to show detailed articulatory features of sounds.
11. IPA: short for International Phonetic Alphabets, a system of symbols consists of letters and diacritics, used to represent the pronunciation of words in any language. 12. aspiration: A little puff of air that sometimes follows a speech sound.
13. manner of articulation : The manner in which obstruction is created.
14. place of articulation : The place where obstruction is created.
15. consonant: a speech sound in which the air stream is obstructed in one way or another.
16. vowel : a speech sound in which the air stream from the lung meets with no obstructio
n.
17. monophthong : the individual vowel.
18. diphthong : The vowel which consists of two individual vowels, and functions as a single one.
19. phone : The speech sound we use when speaking a language.
20. phoneme : The smallest unit of sound in a language which can distinguish two sounds.
21. allophone : any different forms of the same phoneme in different phonetic environments.
22. phonology : The description of sound systems of particular languages and how sounds function to distinguish meaning.
23. phonemic contrast : two similar sounds occur in the same environment and distinguis
h meaning.
minimal24. complementary distribution : allophones of the same phoneme and they don’t distinguish meaning but complement each other in distribution.
25. minimal pair: two different forms are identical in every way except one sound and occurs in the same position. The two sounds are said to form a minimal pair.
26. sequential rules: The rules to govern the combination of sounds in a particular language.
27. assimilation rule: The rule assimilates one sound to another by copying a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones similar.
28. deletion rule: The rule that a sound is to be deleted although it is orthographically represented.
29. suprasegmental features: The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments----syllable, word, sentence.

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