大部分中国菜(Chinese cuisine)的传统命名具有简单明白、一目了然的特点。
•    一道中国菜的名称,主要包括:
•    主料(main material)
•    辅料(auxiliary material)
•    刀法(way of cutting)
•    烹调方法(way of cooking)。

•    以“辣子炒鸡丁”简称“辣子鸡丁”为例
•    “鸡肉”为主料
•    “辣椒”为辅料
•    “鸡丁”为刀法
•    “炒”为烹调方法
•    其英文可译为:
•    stir-fried diced chicken with green peppers。
•    荤菜常用的主料主要是鸡、鸭、鱼、肉之类。
•    肉类有猪肉(pork)、牛肉(beef)、羊肉(mutton, lamb)等。
•    食谱recipe 
glutinous辅料包括各种蔬菜
•    菜花(cauliflower)
•    白菜(Chinese cabbage)
•    洋白菜(cabbage)
•    芹菜(celery)
•    萝卜(turnip, radish)

•    油菜(rape)
•    菠菜(spinach)
•    青椒(green pepper)
•    茄子(eggplant)
•    土豆(potato)
•    黄瓜(cucumber)
•    南瓜(pumpkin)

•    冬瓜(white gourd)
•    西红柿(tomato)
•    蘑菇(mushroom)
•    木耳(fungus)
•    竹笋(bamboo shoot)
•    豆腐(bean curd/tofu)
在汉语中,各地同一种蔬菜有不同的叫法
•    “西红柿”,有的叫“番茄”
•    “洋白菜”,有的叫“大头菜” ,还有的叫“包心菜”
•    还有素雅之别,比如
•    “鸡蛋”又叫“木须”
•    “鸡爪”又叫“凤爪”(chicken claws)
•    “竹笋片”又叫“玉兰片”(tender bamboo shoot slice,tender sliced bamboo shoot)
•    “蛋清”又叫“芙蓉”,英文叫egg-white,
中国烹饪技术刀工、刀法包括
•    切丁(cut into slices; dice)
•    切块(cut into cubes/pieces)
•    切片(slice)
•    切末(mince)
•    切丝(shred)
•    切条(cut into straps)
•    切段(cut into chunks)
•    切柳(fillet)

•    剁(chop)
•    去骨(boning)
•    去皮(skinning; peeling)
•    刮鳞(scaling)
•    剁末(smashing)
•    雕、刻(carving)
•    捣碎 mash

•    “猪肉丁”可以说成pork dice或diced pork
•    “羊肉片”可以说成mutton slice或sliced mutton
•    牛肉丝可以说成beef shred或shredded beef
•    “猪肉丸子:可以说成pork ball
•    说到“肉”时,如果不特别说明,一般指“猪肉”。
中国菜烹调方法包括
•    炒(stir-fry)
•    炸(fry; deep-fry)
•    烘(roast )
•    烤(roast; broil; grill; basting)
•    焖(braise; stew)
•    炖(stew)
•    蒸(steam)
•    煎(pan-fry)
•    清炒(plain-fry)
•    煨(simmer)
•    煮(boil)
•    熏(smoke)
•    拌(mix)
•    涮(instant boil)
•    汆(quick-boil)
•    干炸(dry deep-fry)
•    烧(braise)
•    爆(quick-fry)
•    白灼(scald)
规范的菜名的一般译法
第一种翻译方法——直译
1. 烹调方法+主料

•    炸鸡(fried chicken)
•    烤鸭(roasted duck)
•    炖鸭(stewed duck)
•    清蒸鱼(steamed fish)

•    熏鱼(smoked fish)
•    爆虾(quick-fried shrimps)
•    涮羊肉(instant boiled mutton; Mongolian fire pot )
•    炸虾球(fried prawn balls)

•    炒蟹粉(fried crab meat)
•    炸凤尾鱼(fried anchovies)
2. 烹调法+主料名 with 配料名

•    有时在汉语里,烹调方法常常忽略不说,而译成英语时,要添加上去。例如:
•    洋葱牛肉丝(stir-fried shredded beef with onion)、
•    冬笋鸡片(stir-fried chicken slices with bamboo shoots)
•    芙蓉鸡片(stir-fried sliced chicken with egg-white) 

•    板栗鸡翅 braised chicken wings with chestnuts

•    冬菇菜心 fried winter mushrooms with green cabbage
•    蟹粉鱼肚 stewed fish maw with crab meat
•    笋菇鸡丁 fried chicken cubes with bamboo shoots and mushrooms

•    蟹肉海参 fried sea cucumber with crab meat
•    素什锦豆腐 braised bean curd with mixed vegetable
•    冬笋炒鱿鱼 fried squid with fresh bamboo shoots
3. 烹调法+主料名 with/in调料名

•    有时还可以加上佐料,比如:
•    “红烧”( braised/broiled with soy sauce/in brown sauce)
•    “糖醋”(with sweet and sour sauce)
•    “醋熘”(with vinegar sauce)。


•    “红烧鱼”(braised fish with soy sauce)
•    “红烧肉” braised pork with brown sauce
•    “糖醋鱼片”(fried fish slices with sweet and sour sauce或 sweet and sour fried fish slices)
•    “醋熘白菜”(fried Chinese cabbage with vinegar sauce)

•    盐水虾 boiled shrimps in salt water
•    红烧青鱼 braised/stewed carp with brown sauce
•    清炖甲鱼 stewed turtle in clear soup
4. 烹调法+加工法+主料名+with/in 调料名

•    洋葱牛肉丝 fried shredded beef with onion
•    茄汁牛肉片 fried sliced beef with tomato sauce
•    肉片烧豆腐 stewed sliced pork with bean curd

•    虾仁炒蘑菇 fried shelled shrimps with mushrooms
•    红烧狮子头 stewed/braised minced pork balls with brown sauce;braised giant meat ball
•    盐水螺片scalded sliced conch in salt water
第二种翻译方法——意译
  中式菜肴不仅讲究烹调艺术,其名称也讲究典雅,富于寓意,因此有些菜名根据主料和配料或形的特点,或经烹调后菜肴的总体造型,起了个具有吉祥如意或富有艺术造型的典雅名称。
  对于这类菜名,只能采用意译的方法,舍形或舍音求意,将其原料和烹调方法全部照实译出。

•    龙凤会 stewed snake and chicken
•    全家福 stewed assorted meats/hotchpotch(杂烩)
•    蚂蚁上树 stir-fried starch noodles with minced meat
•    麻婆豆腐 Bean curd with minced pork in hot sauce
•    游龙戏凤 stir-fried prawns and chicken
第三种翻译方法——直译+意译
  还有些菜肴名称的部分术语,根据制作原料,择其“、香、味、形、音”等特点,用表示吉祥喜庆等典雅的语言来表达,这对于缺乏中国文化背景知识的外国人来说,难以理解其含义。
  对于这种菜名的翻译,宜采用直译与意译相结合的办法,将典雅术语所含寓意直接译出。

•    红烧狮子头 stewed/braised minced pork balls with brown sauce;braised giant meat ball
•    三鲜汤 soup with fish, shrimp and pork balls
•    翡翠虾仁 stir-fried shelled shrimps with peas
•    芙蓉鸡片 fried chicken slices with egg-white
第四种翻译方法——直译+解释
  我国地域广阔,各地民情、风俗不同,都有一些具有地方特的名菜,其名称通常是“地名/人名+菜名”。
  翻译时可采用“直译地名/人名+菜名”或“菜名+ in ……style”的格式来翻译。

•    北京烤鸭 Beijing roast duck
•    宫保鸡丁 fried diced chicken in Sichuan style; diced chicken with peanuts; sautéed (炒) chicken cubes with chili (hot pepper) and peanuts
•    西湖醋鱼 West Lake vinegar fish
•    东坡肉 Dongpo braised pork

  有些菜名,源于历史典故或民间传说,其名称本身既不反映菜肴的原料,也不反映其烹调方法,若要讲清其含义,必须讲述一个故事,或者一段历史,作为菜名翻译则是无法解释清楚的。
  对于这类菜名的翻译,宜采用直译其名加解释的方法。例如:
  佛跳墙 Fotiaoqiang (Buddha jumping the wall)
  叫花鸡 beggar’s chicken (baked mud-coated chicken)
部分中餐菜名译法介绍

•    油爆大虾 Quick stir-fried pawns
•    拌三丝 Combination of shredded meat
•    盐水鸭 Salted duck
•    五香熏鱼 Smoked fish in five flavors
•    白斩鸡 Boiled tender chicken in soy sauce
•    水晶鱼冻 Crystal fish
•    辣白菜 Spicy Chinese cabbage

•    糖拌西红柿 Sweat tomatoes
•    盐水虾 Salted prawns
•    蒜末拌黄瓜 Cucumbers with minced garlic
•    拌土豆丝 Shredded potatoes in light sauce
•    五香酱牛肉 Five-flavor beef
•    松仁玉米 sweet corn with pine nuts

•    家常鱼 Home-style fish
•    干烧鱼 Dry-fried fish
•    松鼠鱼 Sweet and sour fish in squirrel shape
•    糖醋鱼 Sweet and sour fish

•    凤尾鱼 Phoenix tail fish
•    清蒸鱼 Steamed fish
•    梅菜扣肉 Pig-belly with pickled vegetable

•    鱼香肉丝 Shredded pork with garlic sauce; Spicy shredded pork; fish-flavored shredded pork in hot sauce
•    京酱肉丝 Pork fillet in chilli sauce
•    鱼香茄子 Spicy eggplant with garlic sauce; fish-flavored eggplant
•    酸辣汤 Spicy and sour thick soup; hot and sour soup
•    葱爆牛肉 Fried beef with scallion
•    糖醋排骨Sweet and sour spareribs

•    红烧牛肉 Broiled beef; braised beef
•    盐水青毛豆 Boiled salty young soy beans
•    海蜇皮 Jellyfish
•    糖醋里脊 Sweet and sour boneless pork(tenderloin)
•    木须肉 Stir-fried pork with eggs and black fungus
•    宫爆肉丁 Diced pork with hot peppers

•    牛肉丸 Beef meatballs
•    葱爆羊肉 Quick-fried lamb with scallions
•    羊肉串 shish kabob
•    脆皮鸡 Crispy-skin chicken
•    红烧鱼 Braised fish
•    西施奶油虾prawns with butter cream

•    炸虾球 Deep-fried shrimp balls
•    炒螃蟹 Fried crab
•    清蒸鳗鱼 Steamed eel
•    红烧海参 Braised sea cucumber
•    红烧豆腐 Braised bean curd
•    麻婆豆腐 Bean curd with minced pork in hot sauce

•    家常豆腐 Home-style bean curd
•    沙锅豆腐 Bean curd in casserole(砂锅)
•    蛋花汤 Egg-drop soup
•    火腿冬瓜汤 Ham and white gourd soup
•    担担面 Spicy sesame noodles
•    炒面 Fried noodles

•    油焖笋尖 Braised bamboo shoots
•    泡菜 Pickled vegetables
•    锅贴 Pan-fried pork dumplings, fried dumplings
•    腰果虾仁 Shrimps with cashew nuts
•    炒饭 Fried rice

•    牛肉饺 Beef dumplings
•    猪肉饺 Pork dumplings
•    蒸饺 Steamed pork dumplings
•    水饺 Boiled dumplings
•    馄饨 Wonton

•    薄饼 Mandarin cakes
•    花卷 Steamed rolls ;steamed twisted roll
•    春卷 Spring roll; egg roll
•    拔丝香蕉 Hot candied bananas
•    拔丝苹果 Hot candied apples
•    拔丝地瓜 Hot candied sweet potatoes

•    豆沙包 Sweet bean buns
•    鲍鱼 Abalone
•    扇贝 Scallops
•    墨鱼 cuttlefish
•    豆瓣鱼 Fish with hot bean sauce
•    竹笋 Bamboo shoots

•    豆芽 Bean sprout
•    苦瓜 balsam pear;bitter melon
•    糖炒栗子 Fried chestnuts with sugar
•    芥蓝 Chinese broccoli;cabbage mustard
•    韭菜 Chinese chives; leek
•    洋葱 Onion
•    大葱 Spring onion; scallion
•    芋头 Taro
•    葱油饼 deep-fried scallion cake

•    主菜main course; entrée
•    附菜side dish
•    山珍海味 delicacies from land and sea
•    炒鳝背 fried eel back
•    芙蓉虾仁 shrimps with egg white
•    干烧桂鱼 fried mandarin fish in brown sauce

•    宫保大虾 sautéed prawns with hot pepper
•    红烧鱼翅 braised shark fin in brown sauce
•    清炖甲鱼 stewed soft-shelled turtle
•    糖醋黄鱼 sweet and sour yellow croaker
•    回锅肉 twice-cooked pork slices in brown sauce

•    椒盐排骨 spare ribs with pepper and salt
•    炸猪排 fried pork chop
•    铁扒牛排 grilled beefsteak
•    蛇油牛肉  sliced beef sautéed in oyster sauce
•    羊肉串 sliced mutton barbecue

•    炒双冬 sautéed mushrooms and bamboo shoots
•    什锦炒蔬 stir-fried mixed vegetables
•    火腿鸡丝汤  shredded chicken and ham soup
•    鱼翅汤 shark fin soup
•    榨菜肉丝汤  shredded pork song with pickled tuber mustard
•    紫菜虾米汤 dried shrimps and red laver soup

•    鸡茸蘑菇汤 cream of mushroom with chicken
•    八宝饭 babao steamed rice with candled fruits and red bean paste filling
•    扬州炒饭  Yangchow fried rice
•    炒米粉 fried ground rice noodles
•    糯米饭 cooked glutinous rice

•    粥;稀饭  congee; rice gruel; porridge
•    小米粥 millet gruel
•    冷面 cold noodles
•    咖喱牛肉面 noodle soup with sliced curry beef
•    炸酱面 noodles with fried brown sauce paste

•    油条 fried twisted stick
•    汤圆  glutinous rice dumpling in soup
•    小笼包子 steamed meat dumpling
•    粽子 Zongzi; rice dumpling wrapped in reed leaves
•    补酒 tonic liquor; wine (tonic滋补品)

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