大部分中国菜(Chinese cuisine)的传统命名具有简单明白、一目了然的特点。 • 一道中国菜的名称,主要包括: • 主料(main material) • 辅料(auxiliary material) • 刀法(way of cutting) • 烹调方法(way of cooking)。
• 以“辣子炒鸡丁”简称“辣子鸡丁”为例 • “鸡肉”为主料 • “辣椒”为辅料 • “鸡丁”为刀法 • “炒”为烹调方法 • 其英文可译为: • stir-fried diced chicken with green peppers。 • 荤菜常用的主料主要是鸡、鸭、鱼、肉之类。 • 肉类有猪肉(pork)、牛肉(beef)、羊肉(mutton, lamb)等。 • 食谱recipe glutinous辅料包括各种蔬菜 • 菜花(cauliflower) • 白菜(Chinese cabbage) • 洋白菜(cabbage) • 芹菜(celery) • 萝卜(turnip, radish)
• 油菜(rape) • 菠菜(spinach) • 青椒(green pepper) • 茄子(eggplant) • 土豆(potato) • 黄瓜(cucumber) • 南瓜(pumpkin)
• 冬瓜(white gourd) • 西红柿(tomato) • 蘑菇(mushroom) • 木耳(fungus) • 竹笋(bamboo shoot) • 豆腐(bean curd/tofu) 在汉语中,各地同一种蔬菜有不同的叫法 • “西红柿”,有的叫“番茄” • “洋白菜”,有的叫“大头菜” ,还有的叫“包心菜” • 还有素雅之别,比如 • “鸡蛋”又叫“木须” • “鸡爪”又叫“凤爪”(chicken claws) • “竹笋片”又叫“玉兰片”(tender bamboo shoot slice,tender sliced bamboo shoot) • “蛋清”又叫“芙蓉”,英文叫egg-white, 中国烹饪技术刀工、刀法包括 • 切丁(cut into slices; dice) • 切块(cut into cubes/pieces) • 切片(slice) • 切末(mince) • 切丝(shred) • 切条(cut into straps) • 切段(cut into chunks) • 切柳(fillet)
• 剁(chop) • 去骨(boning) • 去皮(skinning; peeling) • 刮鳞(scaling) • 剁末(smashing) • 雕、刻(carving) • 捣碎 mash
• “猪肉丁”可以说成pork dice或diced pork • “羊肉片”可以说成mutton slice或sliced mutton • 牛肉丝可以说成beef shred或shredded beef • “猪肉丸子:可以说成pork ball • 说到“肉”时,如果不特别说明,一般指“猪肉”。 中国菜烹调方法包括 • 炒(stir-fry) • 炸(fry; deep-fry) • 烘(roast ) • 烤(roast; broil; grill; basting) • 焖(braise; stew) • 炖(stew) • 蒸(steam) • 煎(pan-fry) • 清炒(plain-fry) • 煨(simmer) • 煮(boil) • 熏(smoke) • 拌(mix) • 涮(instant boil) • 汆(quick-boil) • 干炸(dry deep-fry) • 烧(braise) • 爆(quick-fry) • 白灼(scald) 规范的菜名的一般译法 第一种翻译方法——直译 1. 烹调方法+主料
• 炸鸡(fried chicken) • 烤鸭(roasted duck) • 炖鸭(stewed duck) • 清蒸鱼(steamed fish)
• 熏鱼(smoked fish) • 爆虾(quick-fried shrimps) • 涮羊肉(instant boiled mutton; Mongolian fire pot ) • 炸虾球(fried prawn balls)
• 炒蟹粉(fried crab meat) • 炸凤尾鱼(fried anchovies) 2. 烹调法+主料名 with 配料名
• 有时在汉语里,烹调方法常常忽略不说,而译成英语时,要添加上去。例如: • 洋葱牛肉丝(stir-fried shredded beef with onion)、 • 冬笋鸡片(stir-fried chicken slices with bamboo shoots) • 芙蓉鸡片(stir-fried sliced chicken with egg-white)
• 板栗鸡翅 braised chicken wings with chestnuts
• 冬菇菜心 fried winter mushrooms with green cabbage • 蟹粉鱼肚 stewed fish maw with crab meat • 笋菇鸡丁 fried chicken cubes with bamboo shoots and mushrooms
• 蟹肉海参 fried sea cucumber with crab meat • 素什锦豆腐 braised bean curd with mixed vegetable • 冬笋炒鱿鱼 fried squid with fresh bamboo shoots 3. 烹调法+主料名 with/in调料名
• 有时还可以加上佐料,比如: • “红烧”( braised/broiled with soy sauce/in brown sauce) • “糖醋”(with sweet and sour sauce) • “醋熘”(with vinegar sauce)。
• “红烧鱼”(braised fish with soy sauce) • “红烧肉” braised pork with brown sauce • “糖醋鱼片”(fried fish slices with sweet and sour sauce或 sweet and sour fried fish slices) • “醋熘白菜”(fried Chinese cabbage with vinegar sauce)
• 盐水虾 boiled shrimps in salt water • 红烧青鱼 braised/stewed carp with brown sauce • 清炖甲鱼 stewed turtle in clear soup 4. 烹调法+加工法+主料名+with/in 调料名
• 洋葱牛肉丝 fried shredded beef with onion • 茄汁牛肉片 fried sliced beef with tomato sauce • 肉片烧豆腐 stewed sliced pork with bean curd
• 虾仁炒蘑菇 fried shelled shrimps with mushrooms • 红烧狮子头 stewed/braised minced pork balls with brown sauce;braised giant meat ball • 盐水螺片scalded sliced conch in salt water 第二种翻译方法——意译 中式菜肴不仅讲究烹调艺术,其名称也讲究典雅,富于寓意,因此有些菜名根据主料和配料或形的特点,或经烹调后菜肴的总体造型,起了个具有吉祥如意或富有艺术造型的典雅名称。 对于这类菜名,只能采用意译的方法,舍形或舍音求意,将其原料和烹调方法全部照实译出。
• 龙凤会 stewed snake and chicken • 全家福 stewed assorted meats/hotchpotch(杂烩) • 蚂蚁上树 stir-fried starch noodles with minced meat • 麻婆豆腐 Bean curd with minced pork in hot sauce • 游龙戏凤 stir-fried prawns and chicken 第三种翻译方法——直译+意译 还有些菜肴名称的部分术语,根据制作原料,择其“、香、味、形、音”等特点,用表示吉祥喜庆等典雅的语言来表达,这对于缺乏中国文化背景知识的外国人来说,难以理解其含义。 对于这种菜名的翻译,宜采用直译与意译相结合的办法,将典雅术语所含寓意直接译出。
• 红烧狮子头 stewed/braised minced pork balls with brown sauce;braised giant meat ball • 三鲜汤 soup with fish, shrimp and pork balls • 翡翠虾仁 stir-fried shelled shrimps with peas • 芙蓉鸡片 fried chicken slices with egg-white 第四种翻译方法——直译+解释 我国地域广阔,各地民情、风俗不同,都有一些具有地方特的名菜,其名称通常是“地名/人名+菜名”。 翻译时可采用“直译地名/人名+菜名”或“菜名+ in ……style”的格式来翻译。
• 北京烤鸭 Beijing roast duck • 宫保鸡丁 fried diced chicken in Sichuan style; diced chicken with peanuts; sautéed (炒) chicken cubes with chili (hot pepper) and peanuts • 西湖醋鱼 West Lake vinegar fish • 东坡肉 Dongpo braised pork
有些菜名,源于历史典故或民间传说,其名称本身既不反映菜肴的原料,也不反映其烹调方法,若要讲清其含义,必须讲述一个故事,或者一段历史,作为菜名翻译则是无法解释清楚的。 对于这类菜名的翻译,宜采用直译其名加解释的方法。例如: 佛跳墙 Fotiaoqiang (Buddha jumping the wall) 叫花鸡 beggar’s chicken (baked mud-coated chicken) 部分中餐菜名译法介绍
• 油爆大虾 Quick stir-fried pawns • 拌三丝 Combination of shredded meat • 盐水鸭 Salted duck • 五香熏鱼 Smoked fish in five flavors • 白斩鸡 Boiled tender chicken in soy sauce • 水晶鱼冻 Crystal fish • 辣白菜 Spicy Chinese cabbage
• 糖拌西红柿 Sweat tomatoes • 盐水虾 Salted prawns • 蒜末拌黄瓜 Cucumbers with minced garlic • 拌土豆丝 Shredded potatoes in light sauce • 五香酱牛肉 Five-flavor beef • 松仁玉米 sweet corn with pine nuts
• 家常鱼 Home-style fish • 干烧鱼 Dry-fried fish • 松鼠鱼 Sweet and sour fish in squirrel shape • 糖醋鱼 Sweet and sour fish
• 凤尾鱼 Phoenix tail fish • 清蒸鱼 Steamed fish • 梅菜扣肉 Pig-belly with pickled vegetable
• 鱼香肉丝 Shredded pork with garlic sauce; Spicy shredded pork; fish-flavored shredded pork in hot sauce • 京酱肉丝 Pork fillet in chilli sauce • 鱼香茄子 Spicy eggplant with garlic sauce; fish-flavored eggplant • 酸辣汤 Spicy and sour thick soup; hot and sour soup • 葱爆牛肉 Fried beef with scallion • 糖醋排骨Sweet and sour spareribs
• 红烧牛肉 Broiled beef; braised beef • 盐水青毛豆 Boiled salty young soy beans • 海蜇皮 Jellyfish • 糖醋里脊 Sweet and sour boneless pork(tenderloin) • 木须肉 Stir-fried pork with eggs and black fungus • 宫爆肉丁 Diced pork with hot peppers
• 牛肉丸 Beef meatballs • 葱爆羊肉 Quick-fried lamb with scallions • 羊肉串 shish kabob • 脆皮鸡 Crispy-skin chicken • 红烧鱼 Braised fish • 西施奶油虾prawns with butter cream
• 炸虾球 Deep-fried shrimp balls • 炒螃蟹 Fried crab • 清蒸鳗鱼 Steamed eel • 红烧海参 Braised sea cucumber • 红烧豆腐 Braised bean curd • 麻婆豆腐 Bean curd with minced pork in hot sauce
• 家常豆腐 Home-style bean curd • 沙锅豆腐 Bean curd in casserole(砂锅) • 蛋花汤 Egg-drop soup • 火腿冬瓜汤 Ham and white gourd soup • 担担面 Spicy sesame noodles • 炒面 Fried noodles
• 油焖笋尖 Braised bamboo shoots • 泡菜 Pickled vegetables • 锅贴 Pan-fried pork dumplings, fried dumplings • 腰果虾仁 Shrimps with cashew nuts • 炒饭 Fried rice
• 牛肉饺 Beef dumplings • 猪肉饺 Pork dumplings • 蒸饺 Steamed pork dumplings • 水饺 Boiled dumplings • 馄饨 Wonton
• 薄饼 Mandarin cakes • 花卷 Steamed rolls ;steamed twisted roll • 春卷 Spring roll; egg roll • 拔丝香蕉 Hot candied bananas • 拔丝苹果 Hot candied apples • 拔丝地瓜 Hot candied sweet potatoes
• 豆沙包 Sweet bean buns • 鲍鱼 Abalone • 扇贝 Scallops • 墨鱼 cuttlefish • 豆瓣鱼 Fish with hot bean sauce • 竹笋 Bamboo shoots
• 豆芽 Bean sprout • 苦瓜 balsam pear;bitter melon • 糖炒栗子 Fried chestnuts with sugar • 芥蓝 Chinese broccoli;cabbage mustard • 韭菜 Chinese chives; leek • 洋葱 Onion • 大葱 Spring onion; scallion • 芋头 Taro • 葱油饼 deep-fried scallion cake
• 主菜main course; entrée • 附菜side dish • 山珍海味 delicacies from land and sea • 炒鳝背 fried eel back • 芙蓉虾仁 shrimps with egg white • 干烧桂鱼 fried mandarin fish in brown sauce
• 宫保大虾 sautéed prawns with hot pepper • 红烧鱼翅 braised shark fin in brown sauce • 清炖甲鱼 stewed soft-shelled turtle • 糖醋黄鱼 sweet and sour yellow croaker • 回锅肉 twice-cooked pork slices in brown sauce
• 椒盐排骨 spare ribs with pepper and salt • 炸猪排 fried pork chop • 铁扒牛排 grilled beefsteak • 蛇油牛肉 sliced beef sautéed in oyster sauce • 羊肉串 sliced mutton barbecue
• 炒双冬 sautéed mushrooms and bamboo shoots • 什锦炒蔬 stir-fried mixed vegetables • 火腿鸡丝汤 shredded chicken and ham soup • 鱼翅汤 shark fin soup • 榨菜肉丝汤 shredded pork song with pickled tuber mustard • 紫菜虾米汤 dried shrimps and red laver soup
• 鸡茸蘑菇汤 cream of mushroom with chicken • 八宝饭 babao steamed rice with candled fruits and red bean paste filling • 扬州炒饭 Yangchow fried rice • 炒米粉 fried ground rice noodles • 糯米饭 cooked glutinous rice
• 粥;稀饭 congee; rice gruel; porridge • 小米粥 millet gruel • 冷面 cold noodles • 咖喱牛肉面 noodle soup with sliced curry beef • 炸酱面 noodles with fried brown sauce paste
• 油条 fried twisted stick • 汤圆 glutinous rice dumpling in soup • 小笼包子 steamed meat dumpling • 粽子 Zongzi; rice dumpling wrapped in reed leaves • 补酒 tonic liquor; wine (tonic滋补品) | |
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