国际音标表（IPA）（2015版）
CONSONANTS (PULMONIC) ? 2015 IPA Bilabial  Labiodental  Dental Alveolar Postalveolar Retroflex  Palatal Velar Uvular  Pharyngeal  Glottal
Plosive
Nasal
Trill
Tap or Flap
Fricative
Lateral
fricative
Approximant
Lateral
approximant
Symbols to the right in a cell are voiced, to the left are voiceless. Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible. CONSONANTS (NON-PULMONIC) VOWELS
Front Central Back Clicks Voiced implosives Ejectives
Close
Bilabial Bilabial Examples:
Dental Dental/alveolar Bilabial
Close-mid
(Post)alveolar Palatal Dental/alveolar
Palatoalveolar Velar Velar
Open-mid
Alveolar lateral Uvular Alveolar fricative
OTHER SYMBOLS
Open
Voiceless labial-velar fricative  Voiced labial-velar approximant  Voiced labial-palatal approximant  Voiceless epiglottal fricative  Voiced epiglottal fricative
Epiglottal plosive
Alveolo-palatal fricatives
Voiced alveolar lateral flap
Simultaneous  and
Affricates and double articulations
can be represented by two symbols
joined by a tie bar if necessary.
Where symbols appear in pairs, the one
to the right represents a rounded vowel.
SUPRASEGMENTALS
Primary stress
Secondary stress
Long
Half-long
DIACRITICS Some diacritics may be placed above a symbol with a descender, e.g.
Voiceless Breathy voiced Dental
Voiced Creaky voiced Apical
Aspirated Linguolabial Laminal
More rounded Labialized Nasalized
Less rounded Palatalized Nasal release Advanced Velarized Retracted Pharyngealized Centralized Velarized or pharyng Mid-centralized Raised
Syllabic Lowered
Non-syllabic Advanced Tongue R
Rhoticity Retracted Tongue Root
primary音标
Extra-short  Minor (foot) group
Major (intonation) group Syllable break
Linking (absence of a break)
TONES AND WORD ACCENTS
LEVEL
Extra
CONTOUR
or or Rising
high
High Falling
Mid High
rising
Low
Low
rising
Extr a Rising-
low falling
Downstep Global rise
Upstep Global fall

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