Greek Culture
1. Two of the elements in European culture are considered to be more enduring and they are the (Greco-Roman) and the (Judeo-Christian) elements.
2. In a more remote period of Greek history, probably around (1200 B.C.), a war was fought between Greece and Troy.
3. In the second half of the 4th century B.C., all Greece was brought under the rule of (Alexander), King of Macedon.
4. Athens was a democracy, where only the adult (male) citizens had the rights.
5. The Greeks loved sports. Once every four years, they had a big festival on (Olympus Mount) which included contests of sports.
6. Ancient Greeks considered (Homer) to be the author of their epics: the Iliad and the Odyssey.
7. In the 20th century, there are Homeric parallels in the Irishman (James Joyce)’s modernist masterpiece Ulysses.
8. Sappho was a (woman) poet noted for her love poems of passionate intensity.
9. The Austrian psychiatrist Sigmund Freud’s term (“the Oedipus complex”) was derived from Sophocles’ play.
10. Euclid is even now well-known for his Elements, a textbook of (geometry), perhaps the most successful textbook ever written, because it was in use in English schools until the early years of the 20th century.
11. To illustrate the principle of the (lever), Archimedes is said to have told the King: “Give me a place to stand, and I will move the world.”
12. We know Socrates chiefly through what Plato recorded of him in his famous (Dialogues).
13. Plato’s philosophy is called Idealism because in his system of philosophy only such (“ideas”) as beauty, truth and goodness are regarded as completely real while the physical world is regarded as only relatively real.
14. Aristotle thought that (“form”) and matter together made up concrete individual realities.
15. the most important of the temples the ancient Greeks left us is the (Parthenon), which has always been a great tourist attraction for people all over the world.
16. Venus de Milo is the most famous of all the sculptures of Venus, discovered in the island of Milo in 1820. Its (broken) arms have long been the focus of discussion in artistic circles.
17. Lacoon was a priest of (Troy) who warned the Trojans against Greek attack. He was made to suffer a slow death and killed by the serpents with his sons because of this.
18. The Greeks set an example by the bold effort they made to understand the world by the
use of (human reason).
Roman Culture
1. The Romans and the Greeks’( religions ) were alike enough for most of their deities to be readily identified—Greek Zeus with Roman Jupiter, Greek Aphrodite with Roman Venus, and so on—and their myths to be fused.
2. The Romans and the Greeks’ languages worked in similar ways, and were ultimately related, both being numbers of the (Indo-European) language family which stretches from Bangladesh to Iceland.
3. After (395), the Roman Empire was permanently divided into East (the Byzantine Empire) and the West.
4. The Colosseum is an enormous amphitheatre built in the center of (Rome) in imperial times. A masterpiece of engineering, it held more than 5000 spectators.
5. She-wolf is a statue which illustrates the legend of the creation of (Rome).
Bible and Christianity
1. Among all the religions by which people seek to worship, (Christianity) is by far the most influential in the West.
2. It was the (Jewish) tradition which gave birth to Christianity.
3. The Bible is a collection of religious writings comprising two parts: (the Old Testament) and (the New Testament).
4. The Old Testament is about (God and the laws of God).
5. The New Testament is (the doctrine of Jesus Christ).
6. The oldest and most important of the 39 books of the Old Testament are the first (five) books, called Pentateuch.
7. Exodus is a religious (history) of the Hebrews during their flight from Egypt, the period when they began to receive God’s Law.
8. When the world was formed, says the Bible, God created man and woman— (Adam) and (Eve).
9. According to the Bible, Adam and Eve lived in perfect happiness in the Garden of (Eden) but were finally driven from it and went forth into the world.
worship
10. Around 1300 B.C. Moses, the famous Hebrew leader, went to see the pharaoh of Egypt, telling him that Yahweh wanted the pharaoh to end Hebrew slavery and let the Hebrews leave Egypt. With this began the (Exodus), which lasted forty years.

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