重点专题构词法归纳
1.派生法
(1)前缀
1表示否定意义的前缀:
a.纯否定前缀:
un-: unable, unemployment (失业),unload (卸载),uncover (揭开),unhappy, untrue, unlike (不像),unrest (不安的,动荡的),unfair, unknown, unhealthy, unusual, uncertain, unclear (不 清楚的),unequal, unlucky, unreal, unkind, uncomfortable, uneasy (心情不安的) ,uninteresting,
unimportant, unnecessary, unpleasant, undivided, unreserved (无保留的)
dis-: dislike (不喜欢) ,disarm, disconnect, disagree, disappear, disadvantage, dishonest, disability, discover (发现),disobey
in-, im-, il-, ir-: incapable, inability, incomplete, incorrect, inconvenient, inexpensive, impossible, immoral (不道德的),illegal (非法的),illogical (不合乎逻辑的),irregular, irrelative
non-: non-smoker, non-stop, non-violent (非暴力的) ,nonwhite, non-member, nonparty (无 党派),nonsense (无意义)
b.表示错误的意义:
mis-: mistake, mislead (误导),misunderstanding, misuse, mis-spell, mistrust, mistreat
c.表示"反、防、抗"的意义:
anti-: antiknock (防震),antiforeign (排夕卜的),anti-war, antitank (反战车的),anti-pollution
2表示空间位置、方向关系的前缀:
a- 表示 “在 之上” ,“向 ” :aboard, aside
de-表示"在下,向下" :decrease (下降),degrade
en- 表示"在内,进入":encage (入笼),enbed (上床)
ex- 表示"夕卜部,夕卜":exit, expand (扩张),export
fore- 表示 “在前面” :forehead, foreground, foreleg, forefoot
in-, im- 表示"向内,在内,背于" :inland, inside, indoor(s), import
inter- 表示"在 间,相互" :international, interaction, internet, interview
mid- 表示 "中,中间": midposition
out- 表示"在夕卜部,在夕卜" :outline, outside, outward(s), outdoor(s)
over- 表示"在上面,在夕卜部,向上" :overlook, overhead, overboard, overcoat, overdress, oversea(s)陶夕卜)
post-表示"向后,在后边,次":postscript (附言)
pre-表示"在前,在前面,提前” :prefix (前缀),preface (前言),preposition (介词) super- semicircle表示 "在• •-..之上,超级":superstructure, supernatural, superpower, superman trans-表示"移上,转上,在那一边" :translate, transform (转移),transplant (移植),
transportation (交通)
under-表示"在• •-..下面,下的":underline, underground, underwater, undershirt
up- 表示"向上,向上面,在上" :upward(s), uphold, uphill (上坡)
auto- 表示 "自己,独立,自动" :automobile (自 动车) ,autobiography (自传)
tele-表示"远离":television, telephone , telegram (电报),telegraph (电报,抽象名词), telescope (望远镜)
3表示时间,序列关系的前缀:
fore-表示"在前面,先前,前面” :foreword (前言),forecast (预报),foretell (预言),
foresee (预见),foreknow (先知),foreknowledge (先知)
mid- 表示"中,中间" : midnight, midsummer, mid-day, mid-autumn
post-表示"在后,后" :postwar, postgraduate (研究生) ,postdate
pre-表示"在前,事先,预先":preheat, prewar, prehistory (史前),preview (预习),prebattle, prepay
re-表示"再一次,重新":retell (复述),rewrite, renew (续借),reconsider, reuse, remarry, recycle (回收利用),rebuild
4表示比较程度差别关系的前缀:
by-表示"副,次要的":byproduct (副产品),bywork (副业)
extra-表示"超越,额夕卜" :extraordinary
over- 表示"超过,过度,太" :overeat (吃过多),oversleep (睡过头) ,overpraise (过 奖),overwork, overact (行为过分) ,overdo
under-表示"低劣,低下" :undersize, undergrown, underproduction (生产不足)
vice-表示"副,次":vice-president, vice -chairman
5表示共同,相等意思的前缀:
co- 表示"共同,一起":coexist (共同生存) ,co-operate, co-worker, coactions (合作行 动),coauthor (合作作者)
6表示某种状态,构成形容词、副词或动词:
a- afraid, alive, alone, asleep, ashamed, aloud, ahead, aside, alike, awake
7表示分离,离开意思的前缀:
a-表示"分离,离开":away, apart
de-表示"离去,处去" :depart, decolour
8表示“自我”:
self- self-protect(ion), self-made, self-knowledge
9表示变换词类作用的前缀:
be- befriend
en- enslave, enable, enrich, enlarge, encourage
10表示数量关系的前缀:
a.表示“单一”,“一”:
uni- uniform (统一服装),unicellular (单细胞)
b.表示“二,两,双”:
bi- bicycle
twi- twilight
c.表示“半,一半”:
semi- semiconductor (半导体) ,semicircle (半圆),semimonthly (半月刊) ,semifinal
(半决赛)
d.表示“百,百分之一”:
centi- centimeter
e.表示“千,千分之一" :
kilo- kilometer, kilogram, kilowatt
f.表示“微小”:
micro- microvolt (微伏特) ,microcomputer (微机),microscope (显微镜)
g.表示“许多,复,多数”:
multi- multimedia (多媒体) ,multicolored, multiform, multinatural
h.表示“千分之一、毫":
milli- millimeter, milligram
i.表示“微小、微型”:
mini- minibus, miniskirt, minipark
(2)后缀
1名词后缀:
a.具有某种职业或动作的人:
-an, -ian, -ician 表示" 地方的人,精通 的人" : American, Asian, Australian,
Russian, Italian , historian, librarian, electrician, magician (魔术JM) , technician, musician, politician (政客),physician (内科医生),
-ant,-ent 表示" 人":merchant, servant, assistant, agent, student,
-ee 表示"动作承受者" :employee (雇员),examinee, payee (收款人),interviewee
-eer 表示"从事于 人" :engineer, volunteer (志愿者)
-er表示"从事某种职业的人 ,某地区,地方的人":banker, observer, Londoner, villager
singer, driver, writer, speaker, traveller, buyer
-or 表示" 者":author, doctor, operator, actor, visitor, inventor, educator
-ar, -ary 表示" 的人 , 从事 的人":scholar, liar, beggar, secretary, missionary
-ese 表示" 国人, 地方的人" :Chinese, Japanese, Cantonese (广东人)
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