1.(7-8)Language: language is a system of arbitrary任意的 vocal symbols used for human communication. ( Language is a system; language is arbitrary; language is vocal; language is human –specific.)
2.(15)phonetics语音学:  a branch of linguistics语言学 which is studies the characteristic of speech sounds语音 and provides methods for their description ，classification and transcription.
3.(62)semantics语义学: it can be defined as the study of meaning which is central to the study of communication.
4.(77)pragmatics语用学: the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect产生，引起 successful communication.（ It’s also the study of language in use or language communication, the study of the use of context to make inference about meaning.）
5.(42)syntax: is a branch of linguistics that studies how words are combined to form sentences and the rules that govern the formation结构，组成 of sentences.
6.(31)morphology形态学: it refers to the study of the internal内部的 structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.
7.(66)synonymy同义词: refers to the sameness or close similarity of meaning. Words that are close in meaning are called synonyms.
8.(66)reference指称: means what a linguistic form refers to in the real,真实 physical world物质; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world（非语言世界，即real，physical world） of experience.
9.(66)sense词义: is concerned with the inherent固有的，内在的 meaning of a linguistic form, the collection集合 of all its features（语言形式所有特征的集合）; it’s abstract and de-contextualized去情景化. It’s the aspect of meaning dictionary compilers编辑者 are interested in.
register的名词10.(9)duality: language is a system, which consists of two sets of structures, or two levels.  A large number of units of meaning such as morphemes and words are found at t
he higher level of the system. The duality of structure of language enables its users to talk about anything within their knowledge.
?11.(112-113)dialect: dialects vary. A regional dialect is a linguistic variety used by people living in the same geographical region. Social dialect has to do with separation brought about by different social conditions.
?12.(114)accent: it’s an important marker of sociolect. Regional accents and RP took on social implications, becoming in effect social accents.
?13.(87)conversational maxim会话准则: It has 4 maxims: the maxim of quantity(make your contribution as informative as required;don’t make your contribution more informative than is required),the maxim of quality(don’t say what you believe to be false;don’t say that for which you lack adequate evidence),the maxim of relation(be relevant) and the maxim of manner(avoid obscurity of expression;abvoid ambiguity;be brief;be orderly).
?
14.(78-79)context: it is generally considered as constituted by the knowledge shared by the speaker and the hearer. (Context determines the speaker’s use of language and also the hearer’s interpretation of what is said to him.)
15.(5)competence: it’s the ideal(best) user’s knowledge of the rules of his language.
16.(5)performance: it’s the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.
17.(117)register 语域:refers to a variety of language defined according to its use in social situations, such a register of medical English, legal English.
18.(81)locutionary act 言外行为:is the act of uttering words,phrases,and clauses. It is the act of conveying literal字面 meaning by means of syntax, 句法lexicon词汇 and phonology.音韵学
19.(69)hyponymy: 下义关系，上下义refers to the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive宽泛 word and a more specific word. The word which is more general in me
aning is called the superordinate上义词 ,and the more specific words are called its hyponyms.下义词
20.(22)phonology: 音位学it relates to the study of sound and aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form pattern and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.
21.(照片)speech community :the social group that is singled out for any special sociolinguistic study is called the speech community.
22.(17-18)transcription:it includes the transcription with letter-symbols only and the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics. The former is called broad transcripton which is normally used in dictionaries and teaching textbooks for general purposes. The latter is called narrow transcription which is needed and used by the phoneticians in their study of speech sounds.
23.(33)bound morpheme黏着词素: a morpheme which can be a word by itself is called a f
ree morpheme, whereas a morpheme that must be attached to another one is a bound morpheme.
24.(24-25)minimal pair:when two different forms are identical完全一致 in every way except for one sound segment一个音段 which occurs in the same position in the strings,the two sound combinations are said to form a minimal pair.

版权声明：本站内容均来自互联网，仅供演示用，请勿用于商业和其他非法用途。如果侵犯了您的权益请与我们联系QQ:729038198，我们将在24小时内删除。