名词解释
1 Semantic triangle :semantic triangle suggested by ogden and Richards the symbol or form refers to the linguistic elements the referent refers to the object in the word of experience and thought or reference refers to concept
2Sense : sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of a linguistic form the collection of all its features
  3Context it is generally considered as constituted by the knowledge shared by the speaker and the heaver
4 Speech community a speech community is a group of people who form a community and share the same language or a particular variety of a language
  5Phonetics is defined as the study of the phonic medium of language
  6Phonetic similarity means all the allophemes of a phoneme must bear same phonetically resemblance
7 The allophones of the same phoneme must be phonetically similar and in complementary distribution
8Design features of language 1) arbitrariness : there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds 2) duality :language is a system which consists of two sets of structures or two levels
9 Phoneme is a phonological it is a unit that is of distinctive value it is an abstract unit it is not any particular sound but rather it is represented or realized by a certain phone in a certain phonetic context
10What is inflectional morphemes there are bound morphemes which are for the most part purely grammatical makers and signify such concepts as tense number case and so on
11Sapir-whorf hypothess 1) this is the well-known linguistic relativity .sapir and whorf believe that language filters people’s perception and the way they categorize their experie
nces this inter dependence of language and thought is now known as sapir –whorf hypothesis . 2)there are two mainly different interpretations about the hypothesis ;a strong version and a weak version 
12Inter language was establishedregister的名词 as learners’ independent system of  the second languages which is of neither the native language nor the second language but a continuum or approximation from one extreme of his native language to the other of the second language
13 Assimilation rule :the  assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by copying a feature of a sequential phoneme thus making the two phones similar
14 Intonation when pitch stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation they are collectively known as intonation
15 XP Rule
In all four phrases, the specifier is attached at the top level to the left of the head while the
complement is attached to the right. These similarities can be summarized with the help of the template below , in which X stands for the head N ,V ,A or P. To capture the appropriate placement of specifiers , heads and complements, we can formulate a single general phrasal structural rule as below instead of four separate rules.  The XP Rule : XP ---( specifier ) X (complement).NP--(Det) N (PP), VP-- (Qual) V (NP) ,AP---(Deg) A (PP) ,PP---(Deg) P (NP)
Linguistic：is generally defined as the scientific study of language 
  Language：is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.
  Phonology：is essentially the description of the systems and patterns of speech sounds in a language.
  Phone：a phone is a phonetic unit or segment
  Phoneme：a phoneme is a phonological unit; it is a unit of distinctive value, it is an abstract unit.
  Allophone：the different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the allophones of that phoneme.
  Morpheme：the most basic element of meaning.
Derivational morpheme：
Inflectional morpheme：
      Syntax：A branch of linguistics that studies how words are combined to form sentences and rules that govern the formation of sentences
  Semantics：the study of meaning from the linguistic point of view
  Sense and Reference：Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form, abstract and de-contextualized. Reference  means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience
1．Speech community is a group of people who form a community and share the same language or a particular variety of a language.
2．Speech variety refers to any distinguishable form of speech used by a speaker or a group of speakers.
3．In sociolinguistic studies three types of speech variety are of special interest ,i.e. regional dialects, sociolects, and registers.
4．Two people who were born and brought up in the same geographical region and speak the same regional dialect may speak differently because of a number of social factors, the social factors contain  age, gender, ethnic  affliation, educational  background , class etc.

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