常⽤英⽂翻译⼗⼤技巧有哪些?
英汉两种语⾔在句法、词汇、修辞等⽅⾯均存在着很⼤的差异,因此在进⾏英汉互译时必然会遇到很多困难,需要有⼀定的翻译技巧作指导。常⽤的翻译技巧有增译法、省译法、转换法、拆句法、合并法、正译法、反译法、倒置法、包孕法、插⼊法、重组法和综合法等。这些技巧不但可以运⽤于笔译之中,也可以运⽤于⼝译过程中,⽽且应该⽤得更加熟练,因为⼝译⼯作的特点决定了译员没有更多的时间进⾏思考。
⼀、增译法
指根据英汉两种语⾔不同的思维⽅式、语⾔习惯和表达⽅式,在翻译时增添⼀些词、短句或句⼦,以便更准确地表达出原⽂所包含的意义。这种⽅式多半⽤在汉译英⾥。汉语⽆主句较多,⽽英语句⼦⼀般都要有主语,所以在翻译汉语⽆主句的时候,除了少数可⽤英语⽆主句、被动语态或“There be…”结构来翻译以外,⼀般都要根据语境补出主语,使句⼦完整。英汉两种语⾔在名词、代词、连词、介词和冠词的使⽤⽅法上也存在很⼤差别。英语中代词使⽤频率较⾼,凡说到⼈的器官和归某⼈所有的或与某⼈有关的事物时,必须在前⾯加上物主代词。因此,在汉译英时需要增补物主代词,⽽在英译汉时⼜需要根据情况适当地删减。英语词与词、词组与词组以及句⼦与句⼦的逻辑关系⼀般⽤连词来表⽰,⽽汉语则往往通过上下⽂和语序来表⽰这种关系。因此,在汉译英时常常需要增补连词。英语句⼦离不开介词和冠词。另外,在汉译英时还要注意增补⼀些原⽂中暗含⽽没有明⾔的词语和⼀些概括性、注释性的词语,以确保译⽂意思的完整。总之,通过增译,⼀是保证译⽂语法结构的完整,⼆是保证译⽂意思的明确。如:
①、What about calling him right away?
马上给他打个电话,你觉得如何?(增译主语和谓语)
②、If only I could see the realization of the four modernizations.
要是我能看到四个现代化实现该有多好啊!(增译主句)
③、Indeed, the reverse is true.
实际情况恰好相反。(增译名词)
④、Even the people in the fascist countries were stripped of their human rights.(增译物主代词)
就是法西斯国家本国的⼈民也被剥夺了⼈权。
⑤、While the magistrates were free to burn down house, the common people were forbidden to light lamps. (增译连词)
只许州官放⽕,不许百姓点灯。
⑥、This is yet another common point between the people of our two countries.(增译介词)
这是我们两国⼈民的⼜⼀个共同点。
⑦、In the field of human rights, China opposes the practice of the big oppressing the small and the strong bullying the weak.(增译暗含词语)
在⼈权领域,中国反对以⼤欺⼩、以强凌弱。
⑧、Three cobblers with their wits combined equal Zhuge Liang the mastermind.(增译注释性词语)
三个臭⽪匠,合成⼀个诸葛亮。
⼆、省译法
这是与增译法相对应的⼀种翻译⽅法,即删去不符合⽬标语思维习惯、语⾔习惯和表达⽅式的词,以避免译⽂累赘。增译法的例句反之即可。⼜如:
①、You will be staying in this hotel during your visit in Beijing.
你在北京访问期间就住在这家饭店⾥。(省译物主代词)
②、I hope you will enjoy your stay here.
希望您在这⼉过得愉快。(省译物主代词)
③、The Chinese government has always attached great importance to environmental protection. (省译名词)
中国政府历来重视环境保护⼯作。
三、转换法
指翻译过程中为了使译⽂符合⽬标语的表述⽅式、⽅法和习惯⽽对原句中的词类、句型和语态等进⾏转换。具体的说,就是在词性⽅⾯,把名词转换为代词、形容词、动词;把动词转换成名词、形容词、副词、介词;把形容词转换成副词和短语。在句⼦成分⽅⾯,把主语变成状语、定语、宾语、表语;把谓语变成主语、定语、表语;把定语变成状语、主语;把宾语变成主语。在句型⽅⾯,把并列句变成复合句,把复合句变成并列句,把状语从句变成定语从句。在语态⽅⾯,可以把主动语态变为被动语态。如:
①、Our instituteis co-administrated by the States Education Commission and the municipal government. (名词转动词)
我们学院受教委和市政府的双重领导。
②、Too much exposure to TV programs will do great harm to the eyesight of children.
(名词转动词)
孩⼦们看电视过多会⼤⼤地损坏视⼒。
③、Thanks to the introduction of our reform and opening policy, our comprehensivenational strength has greatly improved. (动词转名词)
由于我们实⾏了改⾰开放政策,我国的综合国⼒有了明显的增强。
④、I’m all for you opinion.
我完全赞成你的意见。(介词转动词)
⑤、The reform and opening policy is supported by the whole Chinese people.
改⾰开放政策受到了全中国⼈民的拥护。(动词转名词)
⑥、In his article the author is critical of man’s negligence toward his environment.
作者在⽂章中,对⼈类疏忽⾃⾝环境作了批评。(形容词转名词)
⑦、In some of the European countries, the people are given the biggest social benefits such as medical insurance.
在有些欧洲国家⾥,⼈民享受最⼴泛的社会福利,如医疗保险等。(被动语态转主动语态)
在有些欧洲国家⾥,⼈民享受最⼴泛的社会福利,如医疗保险等。(被动语态转主动语态)
⑧、We don’t have much time left. Let’s go back. (句型转换)
时间不早了,我们回去吧!
⑨、All the students should develop morally, intellectually and physically. (名词转副词)
学⽣们都应该德、智、体全⾯发展。
四、拆句法和合并法
这是两种相对应的翻译⽅法。拆句法是把⼀个长⽽复杂的句⼦拆译成若⼲个较短、较简单的句⼦,通常⽤于英译汉;合并法是把若⼲个短句合并成⼀个长句,⼀般⽤于汉译英。汉语强调意合,结构较松散,因此简单句较多;英语强调形合,结构较严密,因此长句较多。所以汉译英时要根据需要注意利⽤连词
、分词、介词、不定式、定语从句、独⽴结构等把汉语短句连成长句;⽽英译汉时⼜常常要在原句的关系代词、关系副词、主谓连接处、并列或转折连接处、后续成分与主体的连接处,以及意结束处将长句切断,译成汉语分句。这样就可以基本保留英语语序,顺译全句,顺应现代汉语长短句相替、单复句相间的句法修辞原则。如:
①、Increased cooperation with China is in the interests of the United States.
同中国加强合作,符合美国的利益。(在主谓连接处拆译)
②、I wish to thank you for the incomparable hospitalityfor which the Chinese people are justly famous throughout the world.accessible是什么意思英语
我要感谢你们⽆与伦⽐的盛情款待。中国⼈民正是以这种热情好客⽽闻明世界的。(在定语从句前拆译)
③、This is particularly true of the countries of the commonwealth, who see Britain’s membership of the Community a guarantee that the policies of the community will take their interests into account.
英联邦各国尤其如此,它们认为英国加⼊欧共体,将能保证欧共体的政策照顾到它们的利益。(在定语从句前拆译)
④、China is a large country with four-fifths of the population engaged in agriculture, but only one tenth of the land is farmland, the rest being mountains, forests and places for urban and other uses.(合译)
中国是个⼤国,百分之⼋⼗的⼈⼝从事农业,但耕地只占⼟地⾯积的⼗分之⼀,其余为⼭脉、森林、城镇和其他⽤地。
五、正译法和反译法
这两种⽅法通常⽤于汉译英,偶尔也⽤于英译汉。所谓正译,是指把句⼦按照与汉语相同的语序或表达⽅式译成英语。所谓反译则是指把句⼦按照与汉语相反的语序或表达⽅式译成英语。正译与反译常常具有同义的效果,但反译往往更符合英语的思维⽅式和表达习惯。因此⽐较地道。如:
①、在美国,⼈⼈都能买到。
In the United States, everyone can buy a gun. (正译)
In the United States, guns are available to everyone. (反译)
②、你可以从因特⽹上获得这⼀信息。
You can obtain this information on the Internet. (正译)
This information is accessible/available on the Internet. (反译)
③、他突然想到了⼀个新主意。
Suddenly he had a new idea. (正译)
He suddenly thought out a new idea. (正译)
A new idea suddenly occurred to/struck him. (反译)
④、他仍然没有弄懂我的意思。
He still could not understand me. (正译)
Still he failed to understand me. (反译)
⑤、⽆论如何,她算不上⼀位思维敏捷的学⽣。
She can hardly be rated as a bright student. (正译)She is anything but a bright student. (反译)
⑥、Please withholdthe document for the time being.请暂时扣下这份⽂件。(正译)
请暂时不要发这份⽂件。(反译)
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