Chapter 6 Semantics
Semantics: it is generally defined as the study of inherence or intrinsic meaning, the meaning in isolation from the context.
The naming theory:命名论 it is one of the oldest notions concerning meaning proposed by Plato, which holds the view that the relationship between linguistic forms and what they stand for is one of naming.  Its defaults: firstly, the theory seems applicable to nouns only.  Secondly, even within the category of nouns, there are nouns which denote things that do not exist in the real world at all or things that do not refer to physical objects, but abstract notions. Finally, some words may have different meanings in different contexts while the same reference may have different names such as “the morning star” and “the evening star”
The conceptualist theory : 意念论C. K .Ogden Richard created the semantic triangle to show the indirect relationship between symbols and their supposed referents.
Symbol: it refers to the linguistic elements such as word or sentence.
Referent: it refers to the object in the world of experience.
Context: it refers to what comes before and after a word, phrase, statement, etc. helping to fix the meaning; or refers to circumstances in which an event occurs.
Contextualism : 情境论、语境论  John Firth
Situational context: it refers to the particular spatiotemporal situation in which an utterance occurs, the main components of which include, apart from the place and time of the utterance, the speaker and the hearer, the actions they are performing at the time, the various objects and events exists in the situation.
The linguistic context: sometimes known as context, it includes a word’s co-occurrence or collocation with another word, which forms part of the “meaning” of a word, and, also the part of text that precedes and follows a particular utterance. For example, the meaning of the word “paper” differs in the two collocations of “a piece of paper” and “a white paper”。Linguistic context also includes the part of text that precedes and follows a particular utterance.
Bloomfiled defined the meaning of a language form as the “situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer”
Behaviorism :行为主义 it is a theory of animal and human learning that only focuses on objectively observable behavior and discount mental activities.
Sense :意义it is the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.
Reference : 所指it is what a linguistic form refers to in the real physical world.
Dialectal synonyms:方言同义词 they are the synonyms used in different regional dialects such as lift in British English and elevator in American English .
Stylistic synonyms: 语体同义词they are the synonyms differing in style , or degree of formality , such as gentleman/guy.
Affective synonyms: 情感同义词they are the synonyms that bear the same meaning but express different emotions of the user, indicating the attitudes or bias of the user toward what he is talking about ,such as like/love/admire/adore/worship.
Collocational synonyms: 用于不同搭配的同义词they are the synonyms differing in their collocations, such as a dole to the unemployment /an offering to the church.
Semantically different synonyms: they are the synonyms differing slightly in what they mean, such as escape/flee.
Polysemy :多义关系 it is a term used in semantic analysis to refer to a lexical item which has more than one meaning.
Radiation :辐射性 it is the semantic process in which the primary meaning stands at the center and the secondary meaning radiates out of it.
Concatenation :连锁型 it is the semantic process in which the meaning of a word moves gradually away from its primary meaning in succession so that the present meaning seems to have no connection to the primary meaning.
Homonymy:同音、同形异义词 the phenomenon that different words may be identical in sound or spelling or in both is called homonymy.
Homographs: 同形异义they are the words which happen to be the same in spellingregister的名词, but differ both in sounds and meaning.
Homophones:同音异义 they are the words which happen to be identical in sound, but differ both in spelling and meaning.
Complete homonyms:同音、同形异义 they are the words which happen to be identical both in sound and spelling, but differ in meaning.
Hyponymy: it refers to the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word. It is concerned with semantic inclusion.
Superordinate:上座标词 it refers to the word which is more general in meaning .
Hyponym : 下义词it refers to the more specific word.
Co-hyponym: it refers to hyponym of the same superordinate.
Gradable antonyms:可分等级反义词 they are the antonyms which differ in terms of degr
ee.
Complementary antonyms：互补反义词 they are non-gradable antonyms which are semantically complementary to each other, therefore, they do not permit degrees of contrast.

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