英语语言学名词解释
Synchronic: said of an approach that studies language at a theoretical “point” in time. Diachronic: said of the study of development of language and languages over time.
Arbitrariness: the absence of any physical correspondence between linguistic signals and the        entities to which they refer. 
Duality: the structural organization of language into two abstract levels; meaningful units and meaningless segments .
Competence: unconscious knowledge of the system of grammatical rules in a language. Performance: the language actually used by people in speaking or writing. Langue: the language system shared by a “speech community”.
Parole: the concrete utterances of speaker.
Morpheme: the smallest unit of language in terms of the relationship between expression
and content, a unit that cannot be divided into further smaller units without destroying or drastically altering the meaning, whether it is lexical or grammatical.
Inflection: is the manifestation of grammatical relationship through the addition of inflectional affixes such as number, person, finiteness, aspect and cases to which they are attached. 
Root: refers to the base form of a word that cannot be further analyzed without loss of identity. Stem:is any morpheme or combinations of morphemes to which an inflectional affix can be added. 
Acronym:is made up from the first letters of the name of an organization,which has a heavily modified headword. 
Syntax: the study of the interrelationships between elements in sentence structure. 
Subordination: the process or result of linking linguistic units so that they have different syntactic status, one being dependent upon the other, and usually a constituent of the oth
er. Denotation: denotation involves the relationship between a linguistic unit and the non-linguistic entities to which it refers. 
Connotation: properties of the entity a word denote. 
Synonymy: synonymy is the technical name for one of the sense relations between linguistic units, namely the sameness relation. 
Hyponymy: the technical name for inclusiveness sense relation, is a matter of class membership. register的名词
Entailment: This a logic relationship between two sentences in which the truth of the second necessarily follows from the truth of the first, while the falsity of the first follows from the falsity of the second.  Traffic light does not have duality. Obviously, it is not a double-level system. There is only one-to-one relationship between signs and meaning but the meaning units cannot be divided into smaller meaningless elements further. So the traffic light only has the primary level and lacks the secondary level like animals’ call.   

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