双语生物化学词汇
Glossary of Biochemistry Bilingually
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Absolute configuration（绝对构型） The configuration of four different substituent groups around an asymmetric carbon atom, in relation to u- and i.-glyceraldehyde.
Absorption（吸收）: transport of the products of digestion from the intestinal tract into the blood.
Acceptor controlactive transport（受体控制）: The regulation of the rate of respiration by the availability of ADP as phosphate group acceptor.
Accessory pigments（辅助素）: Visible light-absorbing pigments (carotenoids, xanthophyll, and phycobilins藻胆素) in plants and photosynthetic bacteria that complement chlorophylls in trapping energy from sunlight.
Acidosis（酸中毒）: A metabolic condition in which the capacity of the body to buffer is diminished; usually accompanied by decreased blood pH.
Actin（肌动蛋白）: A protein making up the thin filaments（细丝） of muscle; also an important component of the cytoskeleton of many eukaryotic cells.
Activation energy (ΔG*)（活化能）: The amount of energy (in joules) required to convert all the molecules in 1 mole of a reacting substance from the ground state to the transition state.
Activator: （活化物、激活剂）(1) A DNA-binding protein that positively regulates the expression of one or more genes; that is, transcription rates increase when an activator is bound to the DNA. (2) A positive modulator of an allosteric enzyme.
Active site:（活性部位） The region of an enzyme surface that binds the substrate molecule and catalytically transforms it; also known as the catalytic site.
Active transport:（主动运输） Energy-requiring transport of a solute across a membrane i
n the direction of increasing concentration.
Activity:（活度） The true thermodynamic activity or potential of a substance, as distinct from its molar concentration.
Activity coefficient:（活度系数） The factor by which the numerical value of the concentration of a solute must be multiplied to give its true thermodynamic activity.
Adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate: See cyclic AMP.
Adenosine diphosphate: See ADP.
Adenosine triphosphate: See ATP.
Adipocyte: （脂肪细胞）An animal cell specialized for the storage of fats (triacylglycerols).
Adipose tissue:（脂肪组织） Connective tissue specialized for the storage of large amounts of triacylglycerols.
ADP (adenosine diphosphate): A ribonucleoside diphosphate serving as phosphate group acceptor in the cell energy cycle.
Aerobe:（需氧生物） An organism that lives in air and uses oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor in respiration.
Aerobic: Requiring or occurring in the presence of oxygen.
Alcohol fermentation:（乙醇发酵） The anaerobic conversion of glucose to ethanol via glycolysis. See also fermentation.
Aldose: （醛糖）A simple sugar in which the carbonyl carbon atom is an aldehyde; that is, the carbonyl carbon is at one end of the carbon chain.
Alkalosis:（碱中毒） A metabolic condition in which the capacity of the body to buffer is diminished; usually accompanied by an increase in blood pH.
Allosteric enzyme:（变/别构效应） A regulatory enzyme, with catalytic activity modulated by the noncovalent binding of a specific metabolite at a site other than the active site.
Allosteric protein: （变/别构蛋白） A protein (generally with multiple subunits) with multiple ligand-binding sites, such that ligand binding at one site affects ligand binding at another.
Allosteric site: （变/别构部位） The specific site on the surface of an allosteric enzyme molecule to which the modulator or effector molecule is bound.
α helix:（α-螺旋）A helical conformation of a polypeptide chain, usually right-handed, with maximal intrachain hydrogen bonding; one of the most common secondary structures in proteins.
Ames test: A simple bacterial test for carcinogens, based on the assumption that carcinogens are mutagens.
Amino acid activation: （氨基酸活化）ATP-dependent enzymatic esterification of the carboxyl group of an amino acid to the 3'-hydroxyl group of its corresponding tRNA.
Amino acids:（氨基酸） an Amino-substituted carboxylic acids, the building blocks of prot
eins.
Amino-terminal residue:（氨基末端残基） The only amino acid residue in a polypeptide chain with a free a-amino group; defines the amino terminus of the polypeptide.
Aminoacyl-tRNA: （氨酰tRNA）An aminoacyl ester of a tRNA.
Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases: （氨酰tRNA合成酶） Enzymes that catalyze synthesis of an aminoacyl-tRNA at the expense of ATP energy.
Aminotransferases:（氨基转移酶） Enzymes that catalyze the transfer of amino groups fromα-amino to α-keto acids; also called transaminases.

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