英语中的句子不论多复杂,一般都能提取主干为两种句型:
主语+谓语+宾语
I like playing the football
主语+系动词+表语
I am doing the dishes.
而且和汉语的句子顺序不同的是,英语中的表示时间或地点的短语一般都放于句末
如:妈妈正在厨房里做饭
Mom is cooking dinner in the kithen.
如果英语基础不是很好的话,写出正确句子首先就要做的是:掌握足够的单词和短语,可以采用每天记忆10个单词或短语,时间长了,单词量就提高了
至于句子,就要靠背诵课文,背熟以后,可以仿照句子自己写句子,请别人分析一下对不对,错在哪里,慢慢进步
1、主语———动词———表语 2、主语———动词 3、主语———动词———宾语 4、主语———动词———宾语———宾语 5、主语———动词———宾语———补语 掌握好这些基本句型,就可以为灵活运用语言打下良好的基础。
下面分别讲解这五种句型。
一、主语---动词----表语 在这一句型中,动词是系动词,划线部分为表语。 1.Mr.Brown is an engineer.(名词做表语)
2.Gradualy he became silent.(形容词做表语)
3.She remained standing for a hour.(现在分词做表语)
4.The question remained unsolved.(过去分词做表语)
5.The machine is out of order.(介词短语做表语)
6.The television was on.(副词做表语)
7.His plan is to keep the affair secret.(动词不定式做表语) 8.My job is repairing cars.(动名词做表语)
9.The question is what you want to do.(从句做表语,即:表语从句)
注意:在下面的句子中,形容词做表语,在表语的后面常常接不定式结构。
I'm happy to meet you.
They are willing to help.
We are determined to follow his example.
二、主语———动词 在这一句型中,动词为不及物动词及不及物的动词词组。在有的句子中,不及物动词可以有状语修饰。
1.The sun is rising.
2.I'll try.
3.Did you sleep well?(well做状语,修饰不及物动词sleep)
4.The engine broke down.
注意:在此句型中,有少数不及物动词表达被动含义,表达主语本身所具有的特性,不用被动语态。
1.The book sells well.
2.The window won't shut.
3.The pen writes smoothly.
4.Cheese cuts easily.
三、主语———动词———宾语 在此句型中,动词为及物动词,划线部分为宾语。
1.Do you know these people(them)?(名词或代词做宾语)
2.I can't express myself in English.(反身代词做宾语)
3.He smiled a strange smile.(同源宾语)
4.We can't afford to pay such a price.(不定式做宾语)
5.Would you mind waiting a few minutes?(动名词做宾语)
6.I hope that I have said nothing to pain you.(从句做宾语,即:宾语从句) 注意:并不是所有的及物动词都可以接上述各种情况做宾语,不同的动词有不同的用法,所以,在学习动词时,一定要掌握其用法。
四、主语———动词———宾语———宾语 在此句型中,动词可以称作双宾语动词,在英语中,这样的动词并不多,在学习遇时,要牢记。后面的宾语为间接宾语和直接宾语,其中间接宾语在前,一般表人,直接宾语在后,一般表物。这类句型有三种情况。
第一种情况,间接宾语可以改为to引导的短语。
1.He handed me a letter. He handed a letter to me.
2.She gave me her telephone number. She gave her telephone number to me. 第二种情况,间接宾语可以改为for引导的短语。
3.She sang us a folk song. She sang a folk for us.
4.She cooked us a delicious meal. She cooked a delicious meal for us. 第三种情况,直接宾语可以由宾语从句充当。
5.Tell him I'm out.
6.Can you inform me where Miss Green lives?
五、主语———动词———宾语———宾语补足语 在此句型中的动词,叫做可以跟复合宾语的动词.
在英语中,这样的动词也不多。后面的宾语补足语是说明宾语的情况的,宾语和宾语补足语一起被称做复合宾语。
这个句式是英语中比较复杂的一个句式,因为复合宾语的构成内容较多。
下面句子中划线部分为宾语补足语。
1.He found his new job boring.(形容词做宾补)
2.The called their daughter Mary.(名词做宾补)
3.This placed her in a very difficult position.(介词短语做宾补)
4.We went to here house but found her out.(副词做宾补)
5.What do you advise me to do?(不定式做宾补)
6.We thought him to be an honest man.(tobe做宾补)
7.He believed them to have discussed the problem.(不定式的完成式做宾补) 8.He believed her to be telling the truth.(不定式的进行式做宾补) 9.Did you notice him come in?(不带to的不定式做宾补)
10.I saw her chatting with Nancy.(现在分词做宾补)
11.He watched the piano carried upstairs.(过去分词做宾补)
注意:在这个结构中,可以出现用it做形式上的宾语,把真正的宾语放在宾语
补足语的后面。
在此结构中,宾语常常是动词不定式或宾语从句
1.He felt it his duty to mention this to her.
分析:it是形式宾语,his duty是宾语补足语,to mention this to her是真正的宾语。
2.I think it best that you should stay with us.
分析:it是形式宾语,best是宾语补足语,that you should stay with us
是真正的宾语。
注意: 1.习惯用语的使用 在英语中,有很多动词习惯用语,在学习的过程中,要注意它们的使用,不必分析单独每个词的使用。
例: We are short of money.(be short of中short做表语)
She is always making trouble for her friends.(trouble做make的宾语) He has carried out our instructions to the letter.(our instructions做词组carry out的宾语)
We are waiting for the rain to stop.(wait for后面的the rain是宾语,to stop是宾语补足语)
2.在英语中,大多数动词既可以做及物动词又可以做不及物动词,而且还会有
一些固定词组,
因此一个动词可以用于几种句型
例:ask ①Did you ask the price?(直接接名词做宾语)
②She asked them their names.(接双宾语)
③I asked James to buy some bread.(接宾语加不定式做宾语补足语)
④I asked to speak to Fred.(接不定式做宾语)
⑤Didn't you ask him in?(在此句中和副词in连用)
⑥He has asked for an interview with the President.(组成固定词组ask for) 3.There be句型是一种特殊的句子,真正的主语在后面,含义为“有…”
①谓语动词和主语保持一致:There is a television in the sitting room.
②有两个或更多的主语时,动词一般和最近的一个保持一致:
There are two girls and a boy dancing in the hall. 英语常用基本句式和
句型结构
【要点归纳】
▲ 英语句式绝大多数以S+V(主语+谓语)结构为核心架构。英语是SV型语言。
即以S+V(主语+谓语)结构为主干,以谓语动词为核心。
▲ 一般来说,一个英语句子若没有谓语动词(实义动词或系动词),这个句子
一定是错误的。
▲ 英语句子的谓语只能由动词来充当,动词在英语句子中如果不充当谓语就必
须用非谓语形式(动名词、不定式或分词)。但汉语句子的谓语既可以是动词,也可以是形容词、名词等。
如:The prices are stable and the market is fl
ourishing.
To study English is not easy.
Study English not easy. (×)
▲ 汉语句法的显著特点是“动词连用”,动词不需要形态变化,便可以按时间
和动作发生先后顺序和情节发展连续使用几个动词。一个英语句子,除并列谓语的情形外,只能出现一个谓语,否则须用其他手段处理:
★ 变为非谓语形式
★ 连词连接 {并列连词(并列谓语;并列句)
从属连词→引出从句
★ 用名词或介词来表示
如:I forgot my passport.
或 I forgot to bring my passport.
I offered my girlfriend a cup of coffee.
I walked around the desk with a book.
He came into the classroom, running and singing.
▲ 汉语“动词连用”有两类,一类是由一个主语发出的连续几个动作,叫连动式;一类是由谓语的两个动作,前一个动词的宾语是后一个动词的主语,即两个动词不是由一个主语发出的,称作兼语式。请看:
一) 连动式
英语中没有汉语这种连动式,表达先后关系的几个动词,可用and连接或用分词结构。如:
我打开门走进来。
I open the door and came in. ( Opening the door, I came in.)
二) 兼语式
如:“他请我到他家来做客。”“我”是“请”的宾语,又是“到他家来做客”的主语。也就是说“我”身兼两职。英语句式表达汉语兼语式有以下几种方式: 将兼语式的第二个动词转化为英语的宾语补足语,常用不定式,有时用不带to
的不定式,或分词,副词,形容词,名词,介词结构等。对于第一个动词,汉语中常用的动词有“使”、“叫”、“请求”、“让”、“迫使”、“导致”、“要求”、“命令”、“促进”、“鼓励”等,在英语中均有对应的动词(make, ask, beg, have, force, cause, demand, order, help, encourage等)。如:
He invited me to dinner in his house.
▲ 在SV总句式基础上,根据谓语动词的类型不同,可总结出下五大句型:
⑴ 主语+系动词+表语 She seems kind.
⑵ 主语+不及物动词 He changed a lot.
⑶ 主语+及物动词+宾语 We love our country.
⑷ 主语+及物动词+间接宾语(人)+直接宾语(物)
或 主语+及物动词+直接宾语(物)+to +间接宾语(人)
+for+间接宾语(人)
He gave me a present. ( He gave a present to me.)
⑸ 主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语
I found the book interesting.
【注意】 句型⑴中应注意:
系动词的分类:
“似乎类”:seem, appear, look
“感觉类”:feel, look, sound, smell, taste
“变成类”:become, go, get, grow, fall, turn
“仍然类”:remain, continue, stay, keep
有部分实义动词用作特殊含义时,可用作系动词,如:
prove(证明是)
表语多选形容词不选副词。
系动词一般没有进行时和被动语态。
句型⑵中应注意:
该句型可接状语。
状语的排列顺序一般为:
地点/方式/目的/原因/时间/(never等频度副置于句中,实义动词前,系动词、情态动词等助动词后)。如:
President Nixon came to China by a special plane for an official visit at the invitation of China’s government in 1972after there had
been about 40 years of separation between the two governments.
句型⑶中应注意:
当宾语为动词时,不是to do形式就是doing形式,英语中只一少部分动词要求接doing形式,其余均接to do形式,还有一些既可接to do形式又可接doing
形式,没有什么区别。但有些有区别,应分别记忆。
下列动词常以doing形式为宾语:
admit, delay, mind, appreciate, deny, miss, avoid, enjoy, postpone,
complete, escape, practice, consider, finish, quit
下列动词可接to do形式和doing形式为宾语:
like, begin, intend, love, start, prefer, hate, cease, dislike, continue 下列动词可接to do形式和doing形式,但意义不同:
stop, forget, remember, regret, try, mean
句型⑷中应注意:
直接宾语与间接宾语对调时,应加适当的介词:
(pay, give, lend, send, show, offer, leave, tell, sell, teach, write, bring, deliver 等)+to
( buy, make, get, choose, order等)+for
(ask)+of
register的名词(play) +on
句型⑸中应注意:
以名词为宾语补足语的动词有“elect, choose, make, appoint”等
若补语是指“一个人可以担任的职位”时,便应省略冠词。如:
They elected him Present. (他们选他当总统。)
比较:He made her a servant. (他雇她为仆人。)
以不定式为宾语补足语,如果谓语动是感官动词或使役动词,to应省略,变被
动时应补上 to。如:
I often see him help others.
(He is often seen to help others.)
以V-ing或 p.p.为宾语补足语:
I found the man stealing the money.
He can’t make himself understood.
I heard my name called
参考资料:参考资料:
http://www.enteacher.cn/RESOU/2005/8/15/ART10978.htm
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