第四节 动名词
一、动名词定义
动名词是动词的另一种非限定形式。
动名词有名词和动词的特征,可以带宾语或受状语修饰。动名词加宾语或状语构成动名词短语。
二、动名词的基本形式
动名词由动词原形加词尾-ing构成,与现在分词形式相同。它还有下面几种形式:
三、动名词的句法功能
动名词在句子中起名词的作用,可单独或引起短语作主语、表语、宾语、介词的宾语或定语。
1.作主语
Learning new words is very useful to me.对我来说学习生词很有用。
Reading aloud in the reading-room is a bad habit.在阅览室朗读是坏习惯。
也可以在下面两类结构中作主语:
              no use
no good
It + is +   useless / senseless                        +V-ing
fun / enjoyable / tiring
nice / expensive / dangerous
a bore / a waste of time / a good pleasure
注:在 essential, important, necessary等后面不用动名词。
在“It is no use+doing”结构中,it为形式主语,动名词或动名词短语为真正的主语。如:
It’s no use talking like this.像这样谈话没有用。
It’s a waste of time arguing with him.和他辩论是浪费时间。
It’s no good talking.空谈没有好处。
It’s foolish behaving like that.那样的行为很愚蠢。
(2)There is no十 动名词短语 = It is impossible to do…
There is no saying what may happen.不可能说将会发生什么事。
There is no holding back the wheel of history.历史车轮不可阻挡。
2.作表语
My favorite sport is swimming.我最喜爱的运动是游泳。
Her job is teaching English.她的工作是教英语。
注:动名词作表语时,不可与进行时态混淆。试比较:
He is collecting stamps.他在集邮。(现在进行时)
His hobby is collecting stamps.他爱好集邮。(动名词)
She was washing clothes.她在洗衣服。(过去进行时)
Her job was washing clothes. 她的工作是洗衣服。(动名词)
3.作宾语
She suggested going to the Great Wall for the spring outing.她建议去长城春游。
I enjoy listening to music.我喜欢听音乐。
Have yon finished reading the book?你看完了这本书没有?
Would you mind opening the window? 打开窗户好吗?
Seeing the picture, he couldn’t help laughing.看了这幅画,他禁不住大笑起来。
在suggest,finish,avoid,stop,cant help,mind,enjoy,admit,require, postpone,delay, consider,deny, advise,excuse,practice,escape,miss,pardon,imagine,risk,Put off,leave off等动词后都可以用动名词作宾语,但不能用不定式。
在下面这种结构中也可以用动名词(短语)构成宾语:
    think             
consider            no use
S +  find      + it +    no good    + V-ing
feel like            useless
ctc.
如:
I found it useless (no use) arguing about it.我发现争论这事没有用。
Do you consider it any good trying again?你觉得再试会有好处吗?
在这种句子中,用it代表动名词,把动名词短语放在句子后部。但这只限于少数句型,大多数情况下不定式用得更多一些。在with后常跟一个动名词,作为复合谓语的宾语。如:
The film is worth seeing many times.这部电影值得看很多遍。
4.作介词的宾语
He insisted on watching the football game.他坚持要看足球比赛。
Thank you for helping me.谢谢你帮助了我。
We must prevent them from making trouble.我们必须防止他们惹麻烦。
The children are fond of listening to stories.孩子们喜欢听故事。
Our factory succeeded in making many new products.我们工厂成功地制造了许多新产品。
He is good at playing volleyball.他擅长打排球。
Ann has been looking forward to coming to China for a longtime.好久以来安一直盼望着到中国来。
She left withoutregister的名词 telling me.她没有告诉我就走了。
Excuse me for being late.请原谅我迟到了。
能跟动名词的短语很多,常见的有:think of,dream of,hear of,prevent…from,keep…from,stop from,look forward to,excuse…for,set about,feel like, depend on,be engaged in,get/be used to,be tired  of, succeed  in, be  interested  in, be  proud  of, be  fond  of, be  good at,be afraid of,prefer…to…,spend…in,devote…to,persist in等。
此外,动名词还可以和 for the purpose of, in case of, instead of,for fear of等构成短语,作状语。如:
He walked on tiptoe for fear of waking the patient.他踏着脚走以免吵醒病人。
She has been playing all afternoon instead of getting on with her work.她整个下午不工作,一直在玩。
在下面这类句子中,介词in常可省
(1)S+have + trouble/difficulty/a problem /a struggle/a good time/ a hard time +(in) +V-ing
2S+ spend time/money(+in)+V-ing
(3)s+be busy(+in)+V-ing
(4)lose no time(+in)+V-ing(立即做……)
They are busy(in)preparing for the examination.他们忙于准备考试。
Do you have any difficulty(in)understanding spoken English? 你听懂英语口语有困难吗?
I spent two hours(in) writing my composition.我花了两小时写作文。
He lost no time(in) telling me the good news.他立即把这个关消息告诉了我。
5.作定语
There is a swimming pool in our school.我们学校有一个游泳池。
His father works in a printing shop. 他父亲在一家印刷厂工作。
Our teacher uses a very good teaching method.我们老师的教学方法很好。
动名词还能和介词一起构成短语,作定语。如:
His way of looking at things is better.他看事情的方法比较好。
Have you any objection to going there by bike?骑自行车去那里你们反对不反对?
可以用这种定语修饰的名词有:way(of),method(of),art(of),chance(of),opportunity(of),habit(of),hope(of),process(of),possibility(of),importance(of),means(of),honor(of),intention(of),necessity(of),right(of),surprise(at),astonishment(at),excuse(for),apology(for),plan(for),objection(to),idea(of),experience(in),skill(in)等。
在intention,right,chance,way,man等名词后有时还可以用不定式作定语。如:

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