名词解释
1.Language: language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.
2.Design features of language(语言的区别性特征) :
i.Arbitrariness:  the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning=language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsic connection between a pen) and the object it refers to . 
ii.Duality:  the property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level. By duality we mean that language system has two sets of structures, one of sounds and the other of meanings.指拥有两层结构的这种特性，底层结构是上层结构的组成成分。指语言是声音和意义双重结构组成的系统。  
举例： Sounds > syllables > words > phrases > clauses > sentences> texts/discourses 
iii.Productivity： Language can be used to create new meanings because of its duality .语言可以理解并创造无限数量的新句子，是由双层结构造成的结果（Understand and create unlimited number with sentences） 
iv.Displacement：Human languages enable their users to symbolize something which are not present at the moment of communication. 
v.Cultural transmission: language is passed on from generation to generation through teaching and learning rather than instinct.
3.Linguistics is the scientific study of language. It is a scientific study because it is based on the systematic investigation of linguistic data, conducted with reference to some general theory of language structure.
4.Psycholinguistics: It is the study of how language is acquired, understood and produced. 
5.Langue: F. de Saussure. Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all th
e members of a speech community. 语言指语言系统的整体，这个整体相对是比较稳定的。（abstract）
6.Parole: the realization of langue in actual use. 言语则指代某个个体在实际语言使用环境中说出的具体话语。（concrete）
7.Competence: Chomsky. Competence is the ideal user's knowledge of the rules of his language.
8.Performance: Performance is the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.
9.Phoneme(音位）： A phoneme is a phonological unit; it is the smallest unit of sound in a language, of distinctive value, abstract. It is not any particular sound, but rather it is represented or realized by a certain phone in a certain context.
10.Allophones(音位变体）：The non-distinctive sounds are members of the same phoneme. For example, in English, when the phoneme/p/ occurs at the beginning of word
s like put and pair, it is  aspirated; but when /p/ occurs in words like span and spare, it is unaspirated。The aspirated and unaspirated /p/ are allophones of the same phoneme. 
11.Minimal pairs(最小对立体）：Word forms which differ from each other only by one sound. 
For example, in English, pill and bill are a minimal pair
12.Complementary distribution(互补分布）：Not all the speech sounds occur in the same environment. When two sounds never occur in the same environment, for example, the unaspirated/p/ always occurs after /s/ while the aspirated one always occurs in other places. 
13.Suprasegmental phonology(超音段音位）：stress（重音） (word stress & sentence stress), tone （音调）and intonation（语调）. 
14.Morphology：It’s the branch of linguistics that studies that internal structure of words, and the rules by which words are formed.
15.Morpheme(词素）： The minimal unit of meaning, the smallest unit in terms of relationship between expression and content.  PS:Types: roots(词根）affix（词缀）and stem（词干）.
16.Inflectional affix（屈折词缀）：Inflectional affixes are mostly suffixes(后缀),which are always word drums, walks, Mary's) 
①limited in number ②not change the part of speech ③indicating grammatical meaning 
④conditioned by the phrase or sentence they attach to 
17.derivational affix（派生词缀）: Derivational affixes can be depart, online) or suffixes(e.g. teacher, workable). 
①change the lexical meaning ②might or might not change the part of speech(词性) 
register的名词③based on simple meaning distinctions ④more productive ⑤can be prefixes or suffixes 
18.Word-formation(构词）： the processes of word variations signaling lexical relationships. They are compound(合成）and derivation (派生).
19.Syntax：It is a branch of linguistics that studies how words are combined to form sentences and the rules that govern the formation of sentences.
20.Category(范畴）： It refers to the defining properties of words.& the categories of the noun and the pronoun are usually said to the categories of number（数）, gender（性）, case（格）. 
21.Syntactical category(句法范畴): A group of linguistic items which fulfill the same or similar functions in sentence-formation. （在句子构成中起相同作用的一类语言单位）

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