现代语言学名词解释（3）
现代语言学名词解释
7 root: A root is often seen as part of a word; it can never stand by itself although it bears clear, definite meaning; it must be combined with another root or an affix to form a word.
8 affix词缀: Affixes are of two types: inflectional and derivational.
9 prefix前缀: Prefix occur at the beginning of a word.
10 suffix后缀: Suffixes are added to the end of the stems; they modify the meaning of the original word and in many cases change its part of speech. 11 derivation派生: Derivation affixes are added to an existing form to create a word. Derivation can be viewed as the adding of affixes to stem to form new words.
12 compounding组合: Like derivation, compounding is another popular and important way of forming new words in English. Compounding can be viewed as the combination of two or sometimes more than two words to create new words.
四 句法学
1 linguistic competence语言能力: Comsky defines competence as the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language, and performance the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.
2 sentence句子 : A sentence is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a complete statement question or command. 3 transformation rules转换法则: Syntactic movement is governed by transformational rules. The operation of the transformational rules may change the syntactic representation of a sentence.
4 D-structure : A sentence may have two levels of syntactic representation. One exists before movement take place, the other occurs after movement take place. In formal linguistic exploration, these two syntactic representation are commonly termed as D-structure.
5 Move а : Just as there is a general rule for all phrase structure rules, i,e. the X-bar sche
ma, there is a general movement rule accounting for the syntactic behavior of any constituent movement. This movement rule is called Move а
五 语义学
1 semantics语义学: Semantics can be simply defined as the study of meaning in language.
2 sense : Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. It is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form; it is abstract and decontextualized(语境).
3 reference 引用: Reference means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.
4 synonymy同义 : Synonymy refers to the sameness or close similarity of meaning. Words that are close in meaning are called synonymy.
5 polysemy多义 : Polysemy refers to the fact that the same one word may have more than one meaning. A word having more than one meaning is called a polysemic word.
6 antonymy反义词组 : Antonymy refers to the oppositeness of meaning. Words that are opposite in meaning are called antonyms.
7 homonymy一词多义 : Homonymy refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form, i.e. different words are identical in sound or spelling, or in both.
8 hyponymy上下义关系 : Hyponymy refers to the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word.
9 componential analysis成分分析 : Componential analysis is a way to analyze word meaning. It was proposed by structural semanticists.
10 grammatical meaning语法意义 : The grammatical meaning of a sentence refers to its grammaticality, i.e. its grammatical well-formedness. The grammaticality of a sentence is
governed by the grammatical rules of the language.
11 semantic meaning语意 : The semantic meaning of a sentence is governed by rules called se-le-ctional restrictions.
12 predication论断 : In semantic analysis of a sentence, the basic unit is called predication. The predication is the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence.
六 语用学
1 pragmatics语用学: Pragmatics can be defined as the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication.
2 context上下文: The notion of context is essential to the pragmatic study of language. Generally speaking, it consists of the knowledge that is shared by the speaker and the hearer.
3 utterance meaning话语意义: Utterance is based on sentence meaning; it is realization o
register的名词f the abstract meaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication, or simply in a context.
4 locutionary act言内行为: A locutionary act is the act of utterance words,phrases,clauses. It is the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexion and phonology.

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