The Author
Born in India in1903, in his words "lower-upper-middle class".
His father worked in the Opium Department of the Indian Civil Service.
Childhood in England, attend Eton College
5 years in Burma (1922-1927): joined Indian Imperial Police, learned about oppression and control
Went back to London, started his writing careerregister for
In imitation of Jack London, Orwell started to explore the poorer parts of London
In the spring of 1928 he moved to Paris, living in poverty 【he recorded his experiences of the low life for use in "The Spike", his first published essay in English, and in the second half of his first book, Down and Out in Paris and London《巴黎伦敦落魄记》】
Orwell fought in the Spanish Civil War. His experiences there gave rise to Homage to Catalonia (1938) 《向加泰罗尼亚致敬》
On the outbreak of World War II, Orwell submitted his name to the Central Register for war effort but nothing transpired. In August 1941, Orwell finally obtained "war work" when he was taken on full-time by the BBC's Eastern Service. He supervised cultural broadcasts to India.
The Characters
Mr. Jones - The often drunk farmer who owns the Manor Farm. Mr. Jones is an unkind master who indulges himself while his animals lack food; he thus represents Tsar Nicholas II, whom the Russian Revolution ousted.
Mr. Frederick - The tough, shrewd operator of Pinchfield, a neighboring farm. Based on Adolf Hitler, the ruler of Nazi Germany in the 1930s and 1940s, Mr. Frederick proves an untrustworthy neighbor.
Mr. Pilkington - The easygoing gentleman farmer who runs Foxwood, a neighboring farm. Mr. Frederick’s bitter enemy, Mr. Pilkington represents the capitalist governments of England and the United States.
Mr. Whymper - The human solicitor whom Napoleon hires to represent Animal Farm in human society. Mr. Whymper’s entry into the Animal Farm community initiates contact between Animal Farm and human society, alarming the common animals.
Old Major - The prize-winning boar, whose vision of a socialist utopia serves as the inspiration for the Rebellion. Orwell based Major on both the German political economist Karl Marx and the Russian revolutionary leader Lenin.
Napoleon - The pig who emerges as the leader of Animal Farm after the Rebellion. Based on Joseph Stalin, Napoleon uses military force (his nine loyal attack dogs) to intimidate the other animals and consolidate his power. In his supreme craftiness, Napoleon proves more treacherous than his counterpart, Snowball.
Snowball - The pig who challenges Napoleon for control of Animal Farm after the Rebellion. Based on Leon Trotsky,( 列昂·托洛茨基，俄国与世界历史上最重要的无产阶级革命家之一，二十世纪国际共产主义运动的左翼领袖，领导十月革命) Snowball is intelligent, passionate, eloquent(雄辩的), and less subtle and devious than his counterpart, Napoleon. Snowball seems to win the loyalty of the other animals and cement his power.
Squealer - The pig who spreads Napoleon’s propaganda among the other animals. Squealer justifies the pigs’ monopolization of resources and spreads false statistics pointing to the farm’s success. Orwell uses Squealer to explore the ways in which those in power often use rhetoric and language to twist the truth and gain and maintain social and political control.
Boxer -  The cart-horse whose incredible strength, dedication(奉献), and loyalty play a key role in the early prosperity of Animal Farm and the later completion of the windmill. Quick to help but rather slow-witted, Boxer shows much devotion to Animal Farm’s ideals
but little ability to think about them independently. He naïvely trusts the pigs to make all his decisions for him. His two mottoes are “I will work harder” and “Napoleon is always right.”
Read an in-depth analysis of Boxer.
Clover -  A good-hearted female cart-horse and Boxer’s close friend. Clover often suspects the pigs of violating one or another of the Seven Commandments, but she repeatedly blames herself for misremembering the commandments.
Moses -  The tame raven who spreads stories of Sugarcandy Mountain, the paradise to which animals supposedly go when they die. Moses plays only a small role in Animal Farm, but Orwell uses him to explore how communism exploits religion as something with which to pacify the oppressed.
Mollie -  The vain, flighty(轻浮) mare who pulls Mr. Jones’s carriage. Mollie craves the attention of human beings and loves being groomed（打扮） and pampered(娇惯). She h
as a difficult time with her new life on Animal Farm, as she misses wearing ribbons in her mane and eating sugar cubes. She represents the petit bourgeoisie that fled from Russia a few years after the Russian Revolution.

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