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ABNORMAL FAILURE: An artificially induced failure of a component, usually as a result of “abnormals” testing for regulatory agency safety compliance.
AMBIENT TEMPERATURE: The temperature of the environment, usually the still air in the immediate proximity of the power supply.
APPARENT POWER: A value of power for AC circuits that is calculated as the product of RMS current times RMS voltage, without taking the power factor into account.
BANDWIDTH: A range of frequencies over which a certain phenomenon is to be considered.
BIPOLAR TRANSISTOR: A transistor operates by the action of minority carries across a P/N junction, and is a current controlled device as opposed to a voltage controlled device.
BLEEDER RESISTOR: A resistor added to a circuit for the purpose of providing a small current drain, usually to provide a load for improving output voltage stability, or to assure discharge of capacitors.
BOBBIN: A device upon which the windings of a transformer or inductor are wound which provides a form for the coil and insulates the windings from the core.
BODE PLOT: A graphic plot of gain versus frequency for a control loop, typically used to verify control loop stability, including phase margin.
BREAKDOWN VOLTAGE: A voltage level at which dielectric insulation fails by excessive leakage current or arcing. In reference to power supplies the breakdown voltage is the maximum AC or DC voltage that can be supplied from input to output and/or chassis.
BRIDGE CONVERTER: A DC to DC converter topology(configuration)employing four active switching components in a bridge configuration across a power transformer.
BRIDGE RECTIFIER: A full wave rectifier circuit employing four rectifiers in a bridge configuration.
BROWNOUT: A reduction of the AC mains’ distribution voltage, usually caused deliberately by the utility company to reduce power consumption when demand exceeds generation or
distribution capacity.
BROWNOUT PROTECTION: The ability of a power supply to continue operating within specification through the duration of a brownout.
BURN-IN: Operating a newly manufactured power supply, usually at rated load, for a period of time in order to force component infant mortality failures or other latent defects before the unit is delivered to a customer.
CAPACITIVE COUPLING: Coupling of a signal between two circuits, due to discrete or parasitic capacitance between the circuits.
CERTER TAP: An electrical connection made at the center of a transformer or inductor winding, usually so as to result in an equal number of turns on either side of the tap.
CENTERING: The act of setting the output voltage of a power supply under specified load conditions, usually an auxiliary output of a multiple output power supply with all outputs at half load.
COMMON MODE NOISE: Noise present equally on two conductors with respect to some reference point; often used specifically to refer to noise present on both the hot and neutral AC lines with respect to ground.
CONSTANT CURRENT POWER SUPPLY: A power supply designed to regulate the output center for changes in line, load, ambient temperature, and drift resulting from time.
CONSTANT VOLTAGE POWER SUPPLY: A power supply designed to regulate the output voltage for changes in line, load, ambient temperature, and drift resulting from time.
CONTROL CIRCUIT: A circuit in a closed-loop system, typically containing an error amplifier, which controls the operation of the system to achieve regulation.
CONVECTION: The transfer of thermal energy in a gas or liquid by currents resulting from unequal temperatures.
CONVERTER: An electrical circuit accepts a DC input and generates a DC output of a different voltage, usually achieved by high frequency switching action employing inductive
and capacitive filter elements.
COOLING: Removal of heat in a power supply, is generated by transformation, rectification, regulation, and filtering. It can be accomplished using radiation, convection, forced air, or liquid means.
CREST FACTOR: In an AC circuit, Crest Factor is the mathematical ratio of the peak to RMS values of a waveform. Crest factor is sometimes used for describing the current stress in AC mains supply wires, since for a given amount of power transferred, the RMS value, and hence the losses, become greater with increasing peak values. Crest Factor gives essentially the same information as Power Factor, and is being replaced by Power Factor in power supply technology.

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