民族精神（National spirit）
The national spirit is a reflection of the formation in long history and heritage of national consciousness, national culture, folk customs, religious beliefs, national character, national ethnic, national values and the pursuit of the value of common traits, refers to the traditional national culture, to maintain coordination and guidance, promote the national survival and development of the ideological essence. As a manifestation of national vitality, creativity and cohesion, is a national survival and living together, the common development of the core and the soul.
Western thinkers' interpretation and use of the concept of national spirit
National spirit is a modern discourse, which was first put forward by Western scholars. Chinese scholars believe that Montesquieu, a French Enlightenment thinker, was the first scholar to discuss the national spirit in eighteenth Century. In his book on the spirit of law, he said, "mankind is dominated by many things: climate, religion, law, rules of governance, precedents, customs and habits.". As a result, there is a general spirit." The "general spirit" here refers to the general spirit of a nation, namely, the national spirit". 3, Isaiah, British historian of thought, said: "the word" national spirit "was invented by Herder and called the German philosopher and poet Herder" the father of nationalism, historicism and national spirit
"." 4, because Herder in his 1774 published another philosophy of history, a book from the general human spirit extended to the "spirit of the times" and "national spirit", so he was the first to express the concept.
He believes that the culture of every nation has its own development rights of all human flower garden of harmonious growth, various cultures can encourage each other, he also claimed that "every civilization has its own unique spirit and its national spirit. This spirit creates everything and understands everything Hagel inherited Herder's concept of national spirit, and expounded the concept of "national spirit" from the basic concepts of its rational rule of the world and world history. He believes that every stage of the world's spiritual development is different from any other stage, so there are certain special principles. In history, this principle is characteristic of the spirit - a special kind of 'national spirit'. The national spirit is embodied in the limits of this nature, in every aspect of its consciousness and will - its whole reality. National religion, national polity, national ethics, national legislation, ethnic customs, and even national scientific, artistic and mechanical techniques all have the mark of national spirit." "Hagel is the concept of a national spirit of use and interpretation of the most people, he put the national spirit as he emphasized the" absolute spirit "system, although it is a product of idealism, but only the analysis of the above conclusions, also has its merits. Engels pointed
out: "such great creation as Hagel's philosophy, which has such a great influence on the spiritual development of the nation, can not be eliminated by simply ignoring it.". It must be abandoned from its original meaning, that is, to critically destroy its form, but to save the new content acquired in this form." The national spirit has a broad representation, and it is deeply embodied in all aspects of a nation's ideological concept and behavior practice.
The modern western academic circles put forward the concept of "national spirit" and "national spirit" in this period. It has its profound academic background and social and historical background. In the academic context, the eighteenth Century was a period in which the French intellectual elite shone brilliantly during the enlightenment. They have broken the bondage of theology with "science", "reason" and "human nature", and reconstructed "human spirit" with "reasoning history". "The history of human spirit" became a fashionable academic term in this period. The Enlightenment thinkers is the actual exploration of human rationality and freedom for human spiritual pursuit, it also led to a "spiritual science" emerged, and in this area not only has the spirit of scientific history,
As well as philosophy, law, linguistics and literature, the historical philosophy and cultural history that emerged at one time became a typical branch of this spiritual science. In the social and historical background, the "national spirit" concept formation and late eighteenth Century European nationalism
concept has obvious causal relationship, is an important form of nationalism theory in the process of. Overall, some western thinkers from the old materialism, some from idealism to explain and use the concept of national spirit, their interpretation of the national spirit has certain rationality and unique, but also with defects and shortcomings. However, their interpretation still has important reference value for our understanding of the concept of national spirit, they analyzed the spirit of national culture ideas and perspectives for understanding and understanding of national spirit has great significance.
The use and understanding of the national spirit by the classical writers of Marx doctrine
nation和nationality的区别Through the complete search of the complete works of Marx and Engels, the author refers to Marx and Engels's references to the question of national spirit, and there are eight places. Marx of the "national spirit" is a concept used in the "critique of Hagel's philosophy" quoted Hagel on the "national spirit" discusses the content, the rest is used directly to the concept of "national spirit". Marx and Engels did not study and discuss the national spirit, nor did they define the national spirit. But when they observe and analyze the problems of different countries and countries all over the world, they do not ignore the phenomena of different nationalities in the spiritual sphere. Marx Engels has also repeatedly in the discussion of the national problem of "national identity", "national character" and "national spirit" and "national consciousness" and the national spirit, similar issues through vivid description and exposition
on the national spirit of the Ideological Penetration in national problems and a series of relevant analysis in the overall construction of the basic idea of Marx's national spirit, its main contents are as follows: first, the national spirit is a character of the national character. The national spirit of a nation is the basic character and inherent stipulation of this nation as a nation, not another nationality. It has a distinct national character. Marx and Engels noticed the differences in the national character of different nationalities. Engels said: "I'm a German after all. I can't abandon the nature of the Germans inherited from Adam."." 2, Engels pointed out in his article "the British condition of eighteenth Century": "the national
characteristics of the British are essentially different from those of the Germans and the French." In the "status" of the working class in the book, Engels evaluation of the Irish national character, they think according to the whole national character is the Latin, French, and Italian and especially similar. "In Irish people, L, emotions and passions are undoubtedly dominant, and reason must obey them."."
Second, the national spirit is the necessary spiritual condition for national consciousness and national liberation. Marx in Paris was published in the "German Law Yearbook", published "on the Jewish question" in the article, not only for the emancipation of the Jews, the relationship between political liberation and human liberation also conducted
in-depth research, but also from a new perspective, emphasizing a spiritual needs of Jewish people the process, elaborated the national spirit in the national liberation movement. He pointed out: "a just beginning the liberation of their own, smash all the obstacles, between different members of the political community to establish own nation, how can contact with each other and solemnly declare that this community and selfish human rights (1791" constitution "). Later, when only the great heroic spirit of self sacrifice to save the nation, so we need the spirit of self sacrifice, when all the civil society interests must be sacrificed, egoism as a crime should be punished at,
It has once again declared this right (the 1793 declaration of human rights)." 3, the spirit of self sacrifice refers to the national spirit.

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